中国工业环境规制强度的行业差异及收敛性研究

针对不同行业环境规制强度的差异性,本文运用收敛理论研究了行业环境规制强度的敛散性。传统上利用单位成本或产出的污染治理费用表示的行业环境规制强度可能存在有偏性,本文基于单位污染排放的污染治理费用测算行业环境规制强度,利用Theil指数和收敛检验模型,分析了2001—2015年中国35个工业行业环境规制强度差异、收敛性质及收敛机制。研究发现:(1)一些行业的环境规制强度与其污染强度未表现出相应的强关联性。(2)中国工业行业环境规制强度差异呈现"M"型变化趋势,污染行业与清洁行业之间的环境规制强度差异呈现先发散后收敛的倒"U"型趋势。(3)泰尔指数及其分解还表明,污染行业内部的子行业间环境规制强度差异很大,且是造成工业行业环境规制强度差异的最主要来源。(4)工业行业环境规制强度存在较长时段的σ收敛和较短时长的俱乐部收敛的同时,还存在绝对β收敛和条件β收敛,即低规制行业向高规制行业看齐,不同行业环境规制强度向各自的稳态水平靠近,此外,污染行业环境规制强度收敛速度慢于清洁行业。(5)企业规模成长和市场化水平提升有利于促进企业提高环境规制水平。(6)对收敛机制的进一步研究表明,出口学习效应和进口技术溢出对行业环境规制强度变化的提升效应随着环境规制强度的提高而扩大,即两者对行业环境规制强度变化具有提升效应,但无促进其收敛的作用。扩大企业规模、提升市场化和对外开放水平,有利于提升企业应对环境规制的能力,并为下一阶段实施更为合理有效的环境规制政策提供支撑。

Study on the differences and convergence of industry environment regulation intensity in China

In view of intensity of industry environment regulation intensity differences,this paper uses convergence theory to study the convergence and dispersion of industrial environmental regulation intensity.Traditionally,it may be biased based on the cost of pollution abatement by unit cost or output,so it should be calculated by the pollution control costs of unit pollution emissions.Theil index and convergence test model are used to analyze the difference and convergence of environmental regulation intensity in China 35 industrial sectors from 2001 to 2015.The results show that the intensity of environmental regulation in China industrial sector presents a'M'type,and its difference between pollution industries and clean industries presents the inverted'U'trend.Theil index and its decomposition also indicate that there is a great difference among sub sectors within the pollution industries,which is the most important source.When σ convergence of long term and club convergence of short term exist in the strength of environmental regulation of industries,at the same time,there is absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence;namely,the low regulation industry is in line with the high regulatory industry,and the intensity of environmental regulation in different industries is close to their steady level.In addition,the convergence rate of environmental regulation intensity differences in pollution industries is lower than that of cleaner industries.The scale of the firm's growth and the level of the market is conducive to improve the level of environmental regulation.Further research on the convergence mechanism shows that the influence of export learning effect and import technology spillover changes with the increase of industrial environmental regulation intensity;that is to say,both of them have an increasing effect,but do not promote the convergence effect.Expanding the scale of enterprises,enhancing the market and opening to the outside world are conducive to the implementation of reasonable and effective environmental regulation policies at the next stage.