自我剥削、禀赋效应与农地流转潜在市场发育——兼论经济欠发达地区小农户生产方式转型

以家庭均包制为主要经营特征的农村土地制度曾一度引致农户农业生产积极性的提高和农业生产效率的快速增长,但由此导致的细碎化小规模的农地经营特征和农业生产成本的上升却造成了农地经营的自我剥削现象普遍存在,加之传统的村庄惯习和土地占有关系诱致的农户对农地的禀赋效应,共同导致农户农地经营的自我剥削属性与土地的市场处置行为呈现出内在运行机制不一致性。为此,本文采用引入交叉项的Probit模型,并利用江西省丰城市和遂川县的706户农户调查数据经验分析了小农户的自我剥削和农地禀赋效应对农地流转潜在市场发育的影响。理论分析表明,农地经营的自我剥削特征与农地市场化具有一致性倾向,但农地的人格化财产属性引致的农户禀赋效应造成了农户农地经营自我剥削感知度的下降,并削弱了要素经营属性与市场配置行为的匹配。经验分析结果发现,小农户低效率农地经营导致的自我剥削与农地禀赋效应分别激励农地流转市场的潜在供给和需求。同时,农地禀赋效应弱化了自我剥削对农地流转潜在需求和供给的诱发作用。为此,本文认为降低农户的土地禀赋效应是欠发达地区小农户转型的总体方向,它为农地由小农户流向生产大户和培育部分小农户成为新型农业经营主体提供保障。文章主要从家庭决策的利益导向化、农地流转市场与劳动力市场发展的不一致性及农村制度供给等维度提出了经济欠发达地区小农户转变农业生产方式,跳出自我剥削陷阱的政策建议。具体措施包括:1切实保障小农户的基本权益,提高他们在家庭资源配置中的预期收益;2在初次规模经营补贴、农业基本补贴机制转变、经营者生产奖励、专业技能培训、市场信息供给等层面加大投入力度,同时完善农村社会保障体系,以降低小农户转型的难度与风险。

Self-exploitation,endowment effect and the potential development of rural land transfer market: the implication of transformation of small farmers

The rural land institution,based on household contract responsibility system,promoted farmers' enthusiasm in agricultural production and increased production efficiency.But,the land fragmentation and small-scale farmland management related to this institution raised agricultural production cost,leading to self-exploitation in agricultural land management.The endowment effect resulting from traditional custom and land occupation relationship brought about the inherent inconsistency of farmer's self-exploitation and land market behavior.This article employed probit model including interactions to examine the impact of small farmer's selfexploitation and endowment effect on the potential land transfer market by using the data set,covering 706 households,collected in Fengcheng City and Suichuan County,Jiangxi Province.The theoretical analysis indicated that the self-exploitation in agricultural land management may induce rural land transfer;however,farmer's endowment effect caused by the anthropomorphize property of rural land not only reduced the perceptibility of self-exploitation in agricultural land management,but also weakened the match of land allocation and land market behavior.The empirical evidence further showed that small farmer's self-exploitation and endowment effect stimulated the potential supply and demand of land transfer market,respectively.Meanwhile,the endowment effect can weaken the induced effect of self-exploitation on potential demand and supply of land transfer.This paper argues that the reduction of land endowment effect is the general direction of the transformation of small farmers in underdeveloped areas,which ensures that agricultural land transfers from small farmers to large production bodies,and that part of small farmers grow the new agricultural management body.In order to induce small farmers to transform the production mode and jump out of the self-exploitation trap in the under-development region,this article proposes some policy considerations from the perspective of the family interests of small farmers,the development of rural land and labor market.Specific measures include,on the one hand,effectively protecting the basic rights and interests of small farmers to improve their expected return in the allocation of family resources,on the other hand,making further efforts in the field of initial scale of subsidy,subsidy mechanism transformation,agricultural production rewarding,professional skills training,market information platform,and improvement of rural social security system,in order to reduce the difficulty and risk of small farmers' transformation.