外商直接投资是否具有“污染光环”效应?

FDI是否引致并加剧了环境污染一直受到学界和政界的关注,并存在较大争议,形成了"污染光环"和"污染避难所"两种相互对立的假说。其中,"污染光环"假说认为,FDI通过技术溢出效应提升了东道国环境质量,而"污染避难所"假说认为发达国家企业将产业链中高污染、高能耗部分转移至发展中国家,造成了其环境质量恶化。本文将两种针锋相对的假说进行融合,认为FDI对环境污染的影响会随着经济发展和自身累积阶段的不同而呈现非对称特征,而不是非正即负,因此,将经济发展阶段和FDI自身累积分别作为转换变量,构建FDI对环境污染的面板平滑转移(PSTR)模型,研究结论如下:(1)外商投资通过发挥"示范效应"、"溢出效应"和"竞争效应"等促进了我国环保技术水平,支持了"污染光环"假说,即FDI并不是引起我国环境恶化的主要原因。(2)FDI对环境污染的影响程度随经济发展阶段的变迁存在两个转换机制,分别在人均收入达到0.527和1.027时实现转换,并且由于规模效应、结构效应和技术效应间的平衡,使得FDI随人均收入的提高抑制程度先缓慢减弱后迅速上升,最终稳定在0.165附近。(3)FDI对环境污染的影响在自身累积量为1.999处实现低区制往高区制的转变,且转换速度适中。并且,在FDI累积较低阶段,FDI对环境污染的影响不显著,但当FDI累积量超过门限值,FDI投资结构进一步升级促使其对环境污染的抑制效果开始显现。基于此提出建议:(1)在实行严格FDI进入标准、优化FDI投资结构的基础上,持续引进FDI。(2)应该适时适度地调整FDI引入政策,引导过剩FDI在城市间、产业间合理流动,实现FDI在不同城市间与不同产业间的科学分布和优化配置。

Does foreign direct investment have the pollution halo effect?

Whether the FDI has caused and exacerbated the environmental pollution has been the concern of the scholars and policy makers.With respect to this problem,there are a lot of controversy and two opposing hypotheses of'pollution halo'and'pollution haven'have been formed.Among them,the'pollution halo'hypothesis considers that FDI promotes the host countries' environmental quality through technology spillover effect,whereas the'pollution haven'hypothesis believes that the firms in developed countries transfer the high pollution and high energy consumption part of their industrial chain to developing countries,resulting in the deterioration of environment quality.This paper combines these two opposing hypotheses together and holds the idea that the impact of FDI on environmental pollution presents prominent asymmetrical features with the development of economy and the transformation of FDI accumulation stage,rather than simply positive or negative.Therefore,this paper takes the economic development stage and the accumulation of FDI as transition variable respectively,builds the panel smooth transition (PSTR) model of FDI on environmental pollution.Research conclusions are as follows:First,FDI promotes China's environmental protection technology through technology spillover mechanisms such as'demonstration effect','spillover effect'and'competition effect'.This conclusion supports the 'pollution halo'hypothesis that FDI is not the main cause of environment deterioration.Second,the influence of FDI on environmental pollution presents two transition mechanisms with the development of economy,the transitions are achieved when per capita income reach 0.527 and 1.027 respectively.On account of the balance among scale effect,structure effect and technology effect,the negative effect of FDI on environmental pollution are weakened slowly at the beginning and rose rapidly afterwards with the increase of per capita income inhibition,and eventually stabilized in the vicinity of 0.165.Third,the effect of FDI on environmental pollution achieves the stage transition from low zone to high zone at its accumulation of 1.999 and the transition rate is moderate.Moreover,in the low stage of FDI accumulation,the effect of FDI on environmental pollution is not significant,but when FDI accumulation exceeds the threshold value,its inhibition effect on environmental pollution is beginning to appear with the FDI investment structure further upgraded.Based on what have been mentioned above,the following suggestions are given:First,the government should continue to introduce FDI based on the strict standard of FDI introduction and optimization of FDI investment structure.Second,it is necessary to adjust the policy of FDI introduction in time and guide the rational flow of surplus FDI between cities and industries,so as to realize the scientific distribution and optimal allocation of FDI in different cities and different industries.