农作物病虫害专业化防治服务对农药施用强度的影响

农药过量施用已造成严重的负外部性。推行农作物病虫害专业化统防统治服务可以实现安全、科学、合理用药,有效缓解农业面源污染问题和提升食品的质量安全水平。为了探究病虫害专业化统防统治服务在缓解农业面源污染方面的效果,文章利用全国七省水稻病虫害专业化防治服务调查数据,基于倾向得分匹配方法(PSM),剔除样本自选择内生性问题的影响,分析农户将水稻病虫害防治环节外包给植保专业化服务组织("统防统治")与"自防自治"户相比使用农药的种类和施用次数的差异,即植保专业化防治是否取得了较好的环境效应。研究结果表明,植保专业化服务显著减少了农药施用强度,提高了无公害低毒农药的采用比例;并且其效果在小农户和规模种植大户之间存在明显差异,与采纳病虫害统防统治服务的规模种植大户相比,小规模种植户在采纳病虫害统防统治服务后在降低农药施用强度,提高无公害低毒农药的应用比例方面效果更显著。基于此,文章建议强化对植保专业化防治项目的财政扶持力度,提高病虫害专业化防治覆盖率;重点鼓励小规模种植户采纳病虫害统防统治服务;鼓励农户土地流转,促进农业生产规模化经营,加强对种植专业户的病虫害防治方面的培训和引导,并着力发挥专业大户的示范带头作用,提高统防统治的效率,从而促进食品质量安全水平的提升和农业生态环境的保护。

Effects of regional pest control adoption on pesticides application

Excessive application of pesticides leads to non-point source pollution in agriculture.Regional Pest Control program is one of agricultural socialization services.whether it has decreased quantity of pesticides usage and increased the ratio of environmentalfriendly pesticides application is a worthwhile issue to probe into.It is a self-selection problem whether farmers adopt Regional Pest Control program,which brings about endogenous bias in results.Therefore,this paper utilizes seven provinces nationwide rice production data by propensity score matching method (Propensity Score Matching,PSM),excluding the self-selection problem of endogenous influence,to evaluate the difference in species and quantity of pesticides application between Regional Pest Control and dispersed insect control by farmers,that is to say,whether this professional plant protection has achieved good environmental benefits and provided safe food for people.The research results show if endogenous influence is ignored,the effect of Regional Pest Control program on alleviation of abuse of pesticides will be overestimated.The quantity of the pesticide usage has been reduced significantly through implementation of Regional Pest Control program,and the ratio of environmental-friendly pesticides application has been increased.Small-scale growers who adopt the program work better in alleviation of pesticides abuse than large-scale growers.It is therefore recommended to raise the level of fiscal support,strengthen epidemic forecasting,improve the pesticides control and increase the program's coverage.Furthermore,the authority should strengthen the guidance and training of professional pest control,encourage land circulation and raise agricultural appropriate scale of operation.