技术异质下中国大气污染排放效率的区域差异与影响因素

近年来中国雾霾天气的频繁发生给人们的生产、生活以及身体健康构成巨大威胁。提高大气污染排放效率,深入挖掘大气污染减排潜力是改善中国大气环境质量,减少和消除雾霾天气发生的重要途径。本文根据生态效率理论,充分考虑到不同区域发展的不平衡因素与技术异质性特征,在共同前沿方法框架下科学测算2006—2014年间中国30个省份的大气污染排放效率,在此基础上分析效率的区域差异,利用"技术差距比(TGR)"这一指标衡量东部、中部与西部三大区域之间大气污染排放技术的差距,并从"技术"与"管理"两个维度进一步将各省份大气污染排放无效率分解为"技术差距无效率(TGI)"与"管理无效率(GMI)",以此定位各省份大气污染防治的薄弱环节,进而构建策略矩阵,将全国各省份归入四个不同排放效率特征的方阵,并给出相应的优化路径与措施;深入揭示大气污染排放效率与排放强度之间的内在联系,提出"大气污染排放强度效率"这一全新概念并考察其演化趋势;利用面板Tobit回归模型检验影响我国省际大气污染排放效率与排放技术的外部环境因素。实证结果表明:1中国大气污染排放效率整体水平偏低,年均仅为0.493,污染减排潜力巨大;2中国大气污染排放效率与排放技术的地区差异显著,无论是大气污染排放效率还是排放技术水平,东部地区都是明显高于中部与西部地区;3中国大气污染的实际排放强度明显高于潜在排放强度,这表明大气污染排放强度还存在很大的改进空间;4经济发展、产业结构升级与科技创新对大气污染排放效率与排放技术的提升均有显著促进作用,煤炭消费比重上升与人口密度过大则对其有显著抑制作用;5本文的研究结论支持"波特假说"与"污染避难所"假说。

Regional differences and influencing factors of China's air pollution emission efficiency considering technological heterogeneity

Frequent occurrence of fog and haze weather in recent years brings a great threat to people's production,life and health.In such circumstance,improving air pollution emission efficiency and taping the potential of air pollution reduction should be important channels to improve China's air environmental quality and eliminate fog and haze weather.Based on eco-efficiency theory and fully considering regional unbalanced development and technological heterogeneity,this article assessed air pollution emissions efficiency (APEE) for China's 30 provinces during 2006-2014 under the framework of meta-frontier,then investigated APEE's regional differences and evaluated the technology gap of air pollution emissions among China's three major areas using the index of technology gap ratio (TGR).In order to explore the vulnerability of controlling air pollution for China's each province,the air pollution emission inefficiency is further decomposed into'technology gap inefficiency'and'managerial inefficiency'from the perspective of technology and management,respectively,on basis of which a strategic matrix is built and China's provinces are divided into four categories based on different efficiency improvement strategies.Furthermore,the intemal relation is revealed between APEE and air pollution emission intensity,according to which we present a new concept of'air pollution emission intensity efficiency'and then investigate its changing trend.Panel Tobit regression model is used to investigate the influencing mechanism of the external environmental factors of APEE and air pollution emission technology for China's provinces.The empirical results show that China's APEE is generally low with the average score of 0.493 during 2006-2014 and regional differences of APEE and air pollution emission technology are significant,indicating that there is a great potential on air pollution emission reduction.In addition,it is concluded that air pollution emission efficiency and emission technology of China's east area are all significantly higher than that of China's central area and west area.It is also founded that China's practical air pollution emission intensity is significantly higher than potential air pollution emission intensity,showing that there is much room for China to decrease air pollution emission intensity.The regression results of Tobit model demonstrate that economic development,optimizing industrial structure and technological innovation all play positive roles on the improvement of China's APEE and air pollution emission reduction technology,while increasing the proportion of coal consumption and large population density significantly exert negative effects on it,the porter hypothesis and the pollution haven hypothesis are both supported by the empirical results of this paper.