农户生计多样性发展阶段研究——基于脆弱性与适应性维度

为了观察农户生计活动复杂化过程,分析弹性在可持续生计中发挥的作用,推动扶贫开发战略从识别贫困人口向防御贫困转变,本文采用曲线拟合、核密度函数非参数估计算法等实证研究方法,利用陕西省安康农户生计与环境调查数据,基于脆弱性、适应性维度对农户生计多样性发展阶段进行了识别、划分,系统分析了弹性在农户、社区不同尺度上、阶段上对于农户生计脆弱性与适应性的作用过程。研究发现:生计多样性发展阶段随尺度有所不同,随着适应性提高,在社区尺度上,生计活动多样性指数先增加后减小,在农户尺度上,则是先减小后增加;农户生计活动存在高脆弱性、低适应性的尝试阶段,在经历了这个阶段之后,伴随着农户适应性的提高,脆弱性会同时增加;在社区尺度上,弹性作用下伴随着收入提高,脆弱性会逐步降低,在农户尺度上,弹性作用下伴随着收入提高,生计活动脆弱性会提高,形成"高风险、高收益"的情况。研究发现说明农户、社区存在着"多样性尝试"发展阶段,在一定尺度上保持适度脆弱性有利于社区、地域的可持续发展,作为联系不同尺度生计活动脆弱性、适应性的关键,农户在这个阶段完成生计多样性水平专业化过程,社区在这个阶段形成地区特色的生计活动。扶贫开发工作应把握好这一时机,提高工作措施效果和绩效。在扶贫开发工作实践中,在目标制定上不仅需要考虑收入因素,还需要考虑生计活动复杂性因素,政策措施充分利用"多样性尝试"发展时机,同时主动开展替代生计研究、落实工作,提高贫困防御能力,推动农户、社区可持续发展。

Study on the development stages of household livelihood diversification:based on the dimensions of vulnerability and adaptability

In order to observe the complicated process of household activity, analyze the function of resilience on sustainable livelihood, and promote the poverty relief and development strategy from poverty identification to prevention, this paper identifies and divides the development stages of household livelihood diversification based on the dimension of vulnerability and adaptability with the data from livelihood and environment survey in Ankang City, Shaanxi Province by an empirical study method, and analyzes the mechanism of resilience impact on household livelihood vulnerability and adaptability in different scales and stages of household and community systematically.The main findings are shown as follows.First, the development stages of household livelihood diversification varied with different scales, as adaptability increased.The entropy of livelihood activities first increased and then decreased at community scale while decreased before increasing at household scale.Second, there was a high vulnerability and low adaptability at the attempt stage in livelihood activities.After this stage, household vulnerability increased with adaptability increased.Third, the income increased with vulnerability decreased at community scale under the effect of resilience, and at household scale the situation is 'high risk, high income'with more income and more vulnerability of livelihood activities.The results show that there is a development stage called 'attempt diversification' in household and community, and keeps moderate level of vulnerability to the benefit of community and district sustainable development in a certain scale, and as a key of the relationship between vulnerability and adaptability of different scales of the livelihood activities.At this stage the household achieves specialization of livelihood diversification while the community achieves regional characteristic livelihood activities.The measures and policies for the poverty relief should be applied on the correct occasions to improve the effectiveness and performance.In practice of the poverty relief, it considers not only the factor of income but also the complexity of livelihood activity, and the policy applied by full use of the chance of 'attempt diversification', and at the same time, we should improve the ability of poverty prevention and the sustainable ability of the household and community,and then develop the research and implement alternative livelihood actively.