长江中下游湖泊水体氮磷比时空变化特征及其影响因素

为弄清长江中下游浅水湖泊水体氮磷比(TN/TP)对湖泊富营养化状况及水系连通性的指示意义,对该区域26个湖泊开展了春、夏两季的水质调查,比较了不同水文、水质状况湖泊之间TN/TP差异,探讨了影响湖泊TN/TP的主要因素.结果发现,长江中下游湖泊TN/TP存在较大的时空差异性,春季TN/TP平均值为21.52±14.28,过水性湖泊、深水湖泊以及富营养化湖泊3种类型水体中,富营养化湖泊的TN/TP较低,为14.38±7.40,深水湖泊的TN/TP最高,为40.97±33.37;夏季调查湖库的TN/TP平均值为21.73±23.78,其中深水湖泊的TN/TP仍为最高,达96.38±45.91,富营养化湖泊的TN/TP仍为最低,达10.91±4.44.春、夏相比,过水性湖泊和深水湖泊夏季的TN/TP显著上升,而富营养化湖泊却明显下降,且降幅随富营养化程度升高而加大.相关性分析发现,无论是春季还是夏季,湖泊TN/TP都与水体深度显著正相关.此外,湖泊富营养化程度越高,TN/TP与浮游植物生物量的关系就越弱,富营养化程度越低,TN/TP越高,磷对浮游植物生长的限制越明显.研究表明,长江中下游湖泊富营养化治理营养盐策略上,多数湖泊控磷更为重要,在一些富营养化较为严重的湖泊,局部疏浚、合理挖深、外源控制和调整渔业生产方式等是值得探索的修复途径.

Spatial-temporal Variations and Driving of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratios in Lakes in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

In spring and summer of 2018, 26 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were studied to determine the temporal and spatial characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus ratios (TN/TP) and their influencing factors. The differences in nitrogen and phosphorus ratios in different types of lakes (including water-psaaing lakes, deep reservoirs and eutrophic lakes) and in different seasons were analyzed in terms of the sources of the lakes, lake depth, suspended particulate matter concentrations, and phytoplankton levels. The average TN/TP was 21.52±14.28 in spring and 21.73±23.78 in summer. The TN/TP varied significantly in different types of lakes. The TN/TP ratios in water-passing lakes, deep reservoirs and eutrophic lakes were 20.41±9.25, 40.97±33.37, and 14.38±7.40 during spring, and were 22.62±6.48, 96.38±45.91, and 10.91±4.44 during summer, respectively. The TN/TP of the water-passing lakes and deep reservoirs increased significantly in summer, while that of the eutrophic lakes decreased significantly, which indicates that TN/TP changes and lake nutritional status are closely related. The source of nutrients in lakes and reservoirs affects the TN/TP. The TN/TP of lakes and reservoirs had a significant correlation with the lake depth in both spring and summer, indicating that lake depth is a key factor affecting the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, in eutrophic lakes with higher absolute nutrient concentrations, TN/TP has less effect on phytoplankton, while in deep-water lakes with lower absolute nutrient concentrations, TN/TP can determine the growth of phytoplankton limited by phosphorus. Therefore, the governance strategy of lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River should prioritize phosphorus control. Local digging, controlling non-point source pollution, sediment dredging, and changing fishery production methods can be applied to improve the ecological quality of the eutrophic lakes.