Multimycotoxin analysis in urines to assess infant exposure: A case study in Cameroon

This study was conducted to investigate mycotoxin exposure in children (n = 220, aged 1.5–4.5 years) from high mycotoxin contamination regions of Cameroon and to examine the association between the mycotoxin levels (in total 18 analytes) and several socio-demographic factors and anthropometric characteristics. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Cameroon with 220 children. Mycotoxins and their metabolites were detected in 160/220 (73%) urine samples.There were significant differences in the mean contamination levels of ochratoxin A (p = 0.01) and β-zearalenol (p = 0.017) between the two agro-ecological zones investigated. Likewise significant differences were observed in the mean levels of aflatoxin M₁ (p = 0.001) across the weaning categories of these children. The mean concentration of aflatoxin M₁ detected in the urine of the partially breastfed children (1.43 ng/mL) was significantly higher (p = 0.001) than those of the fully weaned children (0.282 ng/mL).Meanwhile, the mean concentrations of deoxynivalenol (3.0 ng/mL) and fumonisin B₁ (0.59 ng/mL) detected in the urine of the male children was significantly (p value 0.021 for deoxynivalenol and 0.004 for fumonisin B₁) different from the levels detected in the urine of female children; 0.71 ng/mL and 0.01 ng/mL for deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B₁ respectively. In this study, there was no association between the different malnutrition categories (stunted, wasting and underweight) and the mycotoxin concentrations detected in the urine of these children.However, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that children in Cameroon under the age 5 are exposed to high levels of carcinogenic substances such as fumonisin B₁, aflatoxin M₁ and ochratoxin A through breastfeeding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of its kind carried out in West Africa to determine multi-mycotoxin exposure in infants.