Determinants of plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in pregnant Norwegian women |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway;2. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, San Antonio Regional Campus, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;3. Statistics Norway, P.O. Box 8131, Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway;4. Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, P.O. Box 12233, MD A3-05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;5. Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Environmental Chemistry, NILU — Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;2. Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø–The Arctic University of Norway, Sykehusveien 44, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway;3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Sykehusveien 38, NO-9038 Tromsø, Norway;4. Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;5. Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;1. ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;2. Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain;3. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain;4. FISABIO Universitat de València–Universitat Jaume I Joint Research Unit, Valencia, Spain;5. Subdirección de Salud Pública y Adicciones de Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;6. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria BIODONOSTIA, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;7. Institute for Occupational Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany;8. Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, Spain;1. Centre for Arctic Health & Unit of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;2. Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark;3. Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark;4. Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark;5. Research Unit for Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark;6. Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundPerfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread pollutants that have been associated with adverse health effects although not on a consistent basis. Diet has been considered the main source of exposure. The aim of the present study was to identify determinants of four plasma PFASs in pregnant Norwegian women.MethodsThis study is based in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Our sample included 487 women who enrolled in MoBa from 2003 to 2004. A questionnaire regarding sociodemographic, medical, and reproductive history was completed at 17 weeks of gestation and a dietary questionnaire was completed at 22 weeks of gestation. Maternal plasma samples were obtained around 17 weeks of gestation. Plasma concentrations of four PFASs (perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA)) were examined in relation to demographic, lifestyle, dietary, and pregnancy-related covariates. Predictors were identified by optimizing multiple linear regression models using Akaike's information criterion (AIC).ResultsParity was the determinant with the largest influence on plasma PFAS concentrations, with r2 between 0.09 and 0.32 in simple regression models. In optimal multivariate models, when compared to nulliparous women, parous women had 46%, 70%, 19%, and 62% lower concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA respectively (p < 0.001 except for PFHxS, p < 0.01). In all these models, duration of breastfeeding was associated with reduced PFAS levels. PFOA showed the largest reduction from breastfeeding, with a 2–3% reduction per month of breastfeeding in typical cases. Levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA increased with time since most recent pregnancy. While pregnancy-related factors were the most important predictors, diet was a significant factor explaining up to 4% of the variance. One quartile increase in estimated dietary PFAS intake was associated with plasma PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA concentration increases of 7.2%, 3.3%, 5.8% and 9.8%, respectively, resulting in small, although non-trivial absolute changes in PFAS concentrations.ConclusionPrevious pregnancies and breastfeeding duration were the most important determinants of PFASs in this sample of pregnant women. |
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