Biomonitoring short- and long-term exposure to the herbicide terbuthylazine in agriculture workers and in the general population using urine and hair specimens

The aim of this work was to evaluate short-term and long-term exposure to terbuthylazine (TBA) in agriculture workers (AW), rural residents (RR), and urban residents (UR) using urine and hair specimens. Twelve AW, 13 RR, and 17 UR were included in the study. Urine spot samples were collected with two different protocols. AW urine samples were collected before the application season (February, U₀), at bedtime on the day of TBA application (March–May, U₁), and prior to the next shift on the day after TBA application (U₂). RR and UR urine samples were collected on any day during the application season (U_e). Hair samples were collected for all subjects before the application season (February, H₀) and at the end of the season (June, H₁). TBA and its metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DET) were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry detection. DET was exclusively found in urine, while TBA was mostly found in the hair. In the AW, the urinary levels of DET were not detected in the U₀ samples, and they increased to median levels of 1.81 and 2.94 μg/L in the U₁ and U₂ samples, respectively (p < 0.001). In the RR and UR, DET was not detected in the U_e samples. In the UR, TBA was not detected in the H₀ samples, and the median levels of TBA were 0.01 ng/mg hair in both the AW and RR. In the H₁ samples, the median TBA levels were not detected, 0.01, and 0.08 ng/mg hair in the UR, RR, and AW, respectively (p < 0.001). Urinary DET and hair TBA are promising candidates for biomonitoring short- and long-term exposure to TBA. The use of this herbicide in agriculture leads to exposure in rural residents.