Long-term consequences of non-intentional flows of substances: Modelling non-intentional flows of lead in the Dutch economic system and evaluating their environmental consequences |
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| Authors: | Ayman Elshkaki Ester van der Voet Mirja Van Holderbeke Veerle Timmermans |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AX, UK;2. Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands;3. Vito nv, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium;1. VITO, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium;2. Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science (FEPS), University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom;4. Environmental Flow (EnFlo) Research Centre, FEPS, University of Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom;1. Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;2. Protein-Chemistry Lab., Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran;1. Laboratorio de Ecología (iEcolab), Instituto Interuniversitario Sistema Tierra, Universidad de Granada, Avda. del Mediterráneo s/n, Granada 18006, Spain;2. Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada 18071, Spain;1. Flemish Institute of Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risks and Health Unit, Mol, Belgium;2. Flemish Agency for Care and Health, Division of Public Health Surveillance, Brussels, Belgium;3. Flemish Government, Department of Environment and Health, Flemish Government, Brussels, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Substances may enter the economy and the environment through both intentional and non-intentional flows. These non-intentional flows, including the occurrence of substances as pollutants in mixed primary resources (metal ores, phosphate ores and fossil fuels) and their presence in re-used waste streams from intentional use may have environmental and economic consequences in terms of pollution and resource availability. On the one hand, these non-intentional flows may cause pollution problems. On the other hand, these flows have the potential to be a secondary source of substances.This article aims to quantify and model the non-intentional flows of lead, to evaluate their long-term environmental consequences, and compare these consequences to those of the intentional flows of lead. To meet this goal, the model combines all the sources of non-intentional flows of lead within one model, which also includes the intentional flows.Application of the model shows that the non-intentional flows of lead related to waste streams associated with intentional use are decreasing over time, due to the increased attention given to waste management. However, as contaminants in mixed primary resources application, lead flows are increasing as demand for these applications is increasing. |
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