Economical and environmental implications of solid waste compost applications to agricultural fields in Punjab,Pakistan |
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| Authors: | M Akram Qazi M Akram N Ahmad Janick F Artiola M Tuller |
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| Institution: | 1. Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Thoker Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan;2. Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, P.O. Box 54590, Lahore, Pakistan;3. Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States;1. Institute of Environmental Engineering & Management, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan;2. U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Water (US-PACASW), Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan;3. Electrical Engineering Department, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan;1. ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Sewar, Bharatpur 321303, Rajasthan, India;2. ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India;3. Amity University, Noida 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India;4. ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora 263601, Uttarakhand, India;5. Division of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;6. NBSS and LUP, Regional Centre, University Campus, Bhora Ganeshji Road, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India;1. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;2. Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India;1. Polymer Research Lab., Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran;2. Young Researchers Club, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran;1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China;2. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China;3. Innovation Team of Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, People''s Republic of China;1. Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan;2. US-Pakistan Center for Advance Studies in Water (US-PCASW) Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan;3. Electrical Engineering Department, Mehran UET, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Application of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) to agricultural soils is becoming an increasingly important global practice to enhance and sustain soil organic matter (SOM) and fertility levels. Potential risks associated with heavy metals and phosphorus accumulations in surface soils may be minimized with integrated nutrient management strategies that utilize MSWC together with mineral fertilizers. To explore the economic feasibility of MSWC applications, nutrient management plans were developed for rice–wheat and cotton–wheat cropping systems within the Punjab region of Pakistan. Three-year field trials were conducted to measure yields and to determine the economic benefits using three management strategies and two nutrient doses. Management strategies included the application of mineral fertilizers as the sole nutrient source and application of mineral fertilizers in combination with MSWC with and without pesticide/herbicide treatments. Fertilizer doses were either based on standard N, P and K recommendations or on measured site-specific soil plant available phosphorus (PAP) levels. It was found that combining MSWC and mineral fertilizer applications based on site-specific PAP levels with the use of pesticides and herbicides is an economically and environmentally viable management strategy. Results show that incorporation of MSWC improved soil physical properties such as bulk density and penetration resistance. The PAP levels in the surface layer increased by the end of the trials relative to the initial status. No potential risks of heavy metal (Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni) accumulation were observed. Treatments comprised of MSWC and mineral fertilizer adjusted to site-specific PAP levels and with common pest management showed highest cumulative yields. A basic economic analysis revealed a significantly higher cumulative net profit and value-to-cost ratio (VCR) for all site-specific doses. |
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