Sex-specific differences in early renal impairment associated with arsenic,lead, and cadmium exposure among young adults in Taiwan |
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Authors: | Liao Kai-Wei Chien Ling-Chu Chen Yang-Ching Kao Ho-Ching |
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Institution: | 1.School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan ;2.Research Center of Food Safety Inspection and Function Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ;3.School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ;4.Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ;5.Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ;6.Master Program in Food Safety, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; |
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Abstract: | Exposure to a single metal has been reported to damage renal function in humans. However, information regarding the association between multiple-metal exposure and markers for early renal impairment in different sexes among the young adult Taiwanese population is scarce. We assessed the association between exposure to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), and early renal impairment markers using urinary microalbumin (MA), β2-microglobulin (β2MG), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) by analyzing 157 young adults aged 20?29 years, in Taiwan. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine urinary As, Cd, and Pb levels. Regression models were applied to different sex groups. The results showed that after adjusting for potential confounding factors and each metal, urinary Cd levels were significantly positively associated with urinary MA (β?=?0.523, 95% CI: 0.147–0.899) and β2MG (β?=?1.502, 95% CI: 0.635–2.370) in males. However, the urinary Cd level was significantly positively associated with only urinary NAG (β?=?0.161, 95% CI: 0.027–0.296) in females. This study thus indicates that the effect of exposure to metals (especially Cd) on early renal impairment among young adults in Taiwan is sex-specific. Our study results could contribute toward developing early intervention programs for decreasing the incidence of renal dysfunction. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and clarify the potential mechanisms involved. |
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