印楝素及印楝杀虫剂的安全性评价研究进展

目前开发的新农药必须具有安全性高、残留低、与环境相容的无公害的农药,从一些植物材料中分离出杀虫活性物质来防治害虫具有较长的历史和优势,从印楝中可以分离出多种对害虫具有活性的化合物如印楝素及等可以有效地控制多种害虫。自印楝素被分离鉴定以来,其广谱而独特的生物活性受到人们的广泛关注,印楝素具有良好的杀虫、拒食、驱虫、昆虫生长调节作用等多种生物活性,在农药、日化等领域都有广泛的应用;由印楝素制备的印楝杀虫制剂对害虫的广谱作用、无残留,可减缓害虫的抗药性,是用于蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物的理想农药,已成为一种近乎完美的植物源杀虫剂。针对日益严重的农药残留及热点关注的环境安全性等问题,系统总结了印楝素及印楝杀虫剂对人、动物等的毒性及环境安全性评价,将有利于全面评价印楝杀虫剂的安全性及有效地指导印楝杀虫剂开发、生产及推广应用。

Progress on safety evaluation of azadirachtin and neem insecticide

In the search for high security, low residue and environmentally safe pesticides which according to agriculture sustain-able development policy, much research has been done on the use of plants for the protection of crops in the field or in storage. Especially in tropical regions, the application of botanical material to protect a crop against insects is often traditional and centu-ries old.The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, provides many useful compounds that are used as pesticides and could be applied to protect stored seeds against insects. Since azadirachtin was separated and identified from Azadirachta indica, great attention was paid to its distinctive and broadly activities against the insects, For example, azadirachtin has killing insect activity, repellent activ-ity, anti-feedant activity, expelling activity and anti-hormonal activity against kinds of insects and applied in the pesticide industry and chemical industry broadly. Neem insecticide had good activities against kinds of the insects and had no pesticide residue in the environment and could slow down the resistance to the pests and it was a friendly pesticide for the controlling the pests of vegeta-ble, fruit tree, tea and now it has already become one kind of ideal botanical insecticide all over the world. Because more and more pesticide residue and the environment security have been appearing and arouse the concerns among the people, the environment friendly pesticide should be adopted to control the pests. Toxicity to the human and the animals and environment security of azadirachtin and neem insecticide were summarized in the thesis and what could be beneficial to evaluate the environment security of azadirachtin and neem pesticide systemly and guide the development, producing, application and dissemination of neem insec-ticide.