Personal carbon monoxide exposure in five European cities and its determinants |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Athens Medical School, 75, Mikras Asias Street, 115 27 Athens, Greece;2. KTL, Department of Environmental Hygiene, Kuopio, Finland;3. Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basle, Basle, Switzerland;4. Regional Institute of Hygiene of Central Bohemia, Prague, Czech Republic;5. Institute of Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;6. E.C. Joint Research Centre, Air Quality Unit, Ispra, Italy;1. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA 02110–1817, USA;1. Institute of Food Technology (ITAL), PO Box 139, 13070-178, Campinas, SP, Brazil;2. Nutrition School, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil;1. Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, 1017 Academic Way, Tallahassee, FL 32301, United States;2. Waste Management, 4228 Airport Road, Cincinnati, OH 45226, United States;3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, FL 32310, United States;1. Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal;2. CIS-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Av. Das Forças Armadas, Lisboa, Portugal;3. Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal;4. Instituto de Educação, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal;5. Centro de Investigação de Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal;6. Centro Hospitalar da Cova da Beira, Unidade de Cessação Tabágica, Covilhã, Portugal;7. Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, R. Das Taipas, 135, Porto, Portugal;8. Serviço de Pediatria, Hospital de Braga, Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e da Saúde (ICVS), Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Minho e ICVS/3B''s – Laboratório Associado, Braga/Guimarães, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal;9. Divisão da Promoção da Saúde, Câmara Municipal de Viana do Castelo, Passeio das Mordomas da Romaria, Viana do Castelo, Portugal;10. Unidade de Tabaquismo, Faculdade de Psicoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain;1. Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;2. University of Portsmouth, UK |
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| Abstract: | Studies involving carbon monoxide (CO) exposure assessment are mainly based on measurements at outdoor fixed sites or in various indoor micro-environments. Few studies have been based on personal exposure measurements. In this paper, we report results on personal measurements of CO in five European cities and we investigate determinants which may influence this personal exposure.Within the multi-centre European EXPOLIS study, personal exposure to CO, measured every minute for 48 h, of 401 randomly selected study participants (mainly non-smokers) was monitored in Athens, Basle, Helsinki, Milan and Prague. Each participant also completed a time-microenvironment-activity diary and an extended questionnaire. In addition, for the same time period, ambient levels of CO from fixed site stations were collected.There are significant differences in both personal exposure and ambient levels within the five cities, ranging from high values in Milan and Athens to low in Helsinki. Ambient levels are a significant correlate and determinant of CO 48-h personal exposure in all cities. From the other determinants studied (time spent in street traffic, time of exposure to ETS and time of exposure to gas burning devices) none was consistently significant for all cities. Change of the ambient CO levels from the 25th to the 75th percentile of its distribution resulted in a 1.5–2 fold increase of 48-h personal exposure. Short time personal exposure was also studied in order to assess the influence of specific sources. Exposure levels were significantly higher when participants were in street traffic and in indoor locations in the presence of smokers.Personal 48-h exposure of non-smokers to CO varies among urban populations depending primarily on the ambient levels. For a CO source to be a significant determinant of the personal 48-h CO exposure, it has to affect the levels of CO in the person's proximity for an adequate length of time. Activities of individuals affect shorter term personal exposure. |
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