Seasonal variations of acidic air pollutants in Seoul,South Korea |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Science, Seowon University, Chongju, South Korea;2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea;3. Department of Environmental Industry, Chongju National College of Science and Technology, Chongju, South Korea;1. Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC;2. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA;3. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 44 Binney Street, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute CLSB 11015, Boston, MA 02115, USA;4. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center West, Room 410, Boston, MA 02215, USA;1. Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, CO, United States;2. Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea;3. Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, South Korea;4. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea;1. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA;3. Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA;5. Department of New Technology and Fusion (DATF), Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;6. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon, Republic of Korea;7. Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment (SIHE), Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;8. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA, USA;9. Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Science, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The annular denuder system (ADS) was used to characterize seasonal variations of acidic air pollutants in Seoul, South Korea. Fifty- four 24 h samples were collected over four seasons from October 1996 to September 1997. The annual mean concentrations of HNO3, HNO2, SO2 and NH3 in the gas phase were 1.09, 4.51, 17.3 and 4.34 μg m-3, respectively. The annual mean concentrations of PM2.5(dp≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, 50% cutoff), SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4 in the particulate phase were 56.9, 8.70, 5.97 and 4.19 μg m-3, respectively. All chemical species monitored from this study showed statistical seasonal variations. Nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonia (NH3) exhibited substantially higher concentrations during the summer, while nitrous acid (HNO2) and sulfur dioxide(SO2) were higher during the winter. Concentrations of PM2.5, SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4 in the particulate phase were higher during the winter months. SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4 accounted for 26–38% of PM2.5. High correlations were found among PM2.5, SO2-4, NO-3 and NH+4. The mean H+ concentration measured only in the fall was 5.19 nmole m-3. |
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