秦岭生态补偿理论研究与实践进展

生态补偿是通过经济手段促进生态保护与受益地区利益共享的制度设计，是促进我国生态文明建设的重要举措。秦岭是我国重点生态功能区，国家重要的生态安全屏障。生态补偿作为协调秦岭地区生态环境保护和社会经济发展的制度安排，有助于推动该区生态环境的保护与可持续利用，对实现秦岭地区社会经济可持续发展、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了秦岭生态补偿相关理论研究与实践，主要包括秦岭在区域调水、森林生态效益、生物多样性保护、矿产资源开发等方面的生态补偿研究，以及秦岭生态补偿相关政策法规制定、南水北调、退耕还林（草）以及生态移民搬迁等具体生态保护工程补偿实践，并从补偿对象、补偿标准、公众参与、补偿方式几个角度探讨了秦岭生态补偿存在的问题，提出了秦岭生态补偿研究的建议与对策。

Progress in research and practice of ecological compensation theory in the Qinling Mountains

Background, aim, and scope Ecological compensation is an important measure to promote an ecological civilisation in China. The Qinling Mountains are a key ecological function area and an important ecological safety barrier in China. Ecological compensation is of great significance to promote the protection and sustainable utilisation of the ecological environment in the Qinling region and achieve sustainable development of the social economy and promote the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Materials and methods The research and practice of ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains are reviewed. Results The research and practice of ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains mainly focus on regional water diversion, forest ecological benefits, biodiversity conservation, and mineral resources exploitation. They involve specific ecological protection projects such as the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, Grain for Green Program, and ecological migration. Discussion This paper discusses the problems of ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains from the perspectives of the compensation object, compensation standard, public engagement, and compensation model. At present, theoretical research on ecological compensation in the Qinling ecological function area is still in its infancy. Ecological compensation has a single object, mainly for ecological compensation of water sources, and relatively little consideration is given to the value of other ecosystem services. The ecological compensation standard is low. As a result, the current compensation standards cannot meet the cost of ecological protection. Additionally, the public participation in ecological compensation is low, inhibiting the formulation of ecological compensation standards that all stakeholders can agree with. Moreover, there is a single source of funds for ecological compensation, and the funds mainly rely on national financial transfer payments. Diversified and market-oriented ecological compensation methods urgently need to be established. Conclusions The scope and standard of ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains are unreasonable, the compensation is mainly led by the government, and a long-term mechanism of ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains has not been formed. Furthermore, a legal system of ecological compensation has not yet been established. Recommendations and perspectives The development of related research is prospected: (1) establishing and perfecting the value realisation mechanism of ecological products in the Qinling Mountains; (2) enhancing public participation in ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains; (3) deepening diversification and marketisation of ecological compensation and establishing a long-term mechanism for ecological compensation in the Qinling Mountains.