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Outdoor and indoor cadmium distributions near an abandoned smelting works and their relations to human exposure |
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| Authors: | Spurgeon David J Lawlor Alan Hooper Helen L Wadsworth Richard Svendsen Claus Thomas Laura D K Ellis James K Bundy Jacob G Keun Hector C Jarup Lars |
| Institution: | a Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK b Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK c MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Public health, Imperial College London, UK d Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK |
| Abstract: | The relationship of measured or modelled Cd concentrations in soil, house dust and available to plants with human urinary Cd concentrations were assessed in a population living around a Cd/Pb/Zn smelter in the UK. Modelled air concentrations explained 35% of soil Cd variation indicating the smelter contributed to soil Cd loads. Multi-variate analysis confirmed a significant role of biological and life-style factors in determining urinary Cd levels. Significant correlations of urinary Cd with soil, house dust and modelled plant available Cd concentrations were not, however, found. Potential reasons for the absence of clear relationships include limited environmental contact in urban populations; the role of undefined factors in determining exposure; and the limited spatial scope of the survey which did not sample from the full pollution gradient. Further, the absence of any significant relationship indicates that environmental measures provide limited advantage over atmospheric model outputs for first stage human exposure assessment. |
| Keywords: | Cadmium Human exposure Urinary cadmium Plant availability Exposure route |
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