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Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: a reflection of social conduct and population size |
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| Authors: | Viana M Postigo C Querol X Alastuey A López de Alda M J Barceló D Artíñano B López-Mahia P García Gacio D Cots N |
| Affiliation: | a Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain b King Saud University, Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia c Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology Research (CIEMAT), Av. Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain d Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of A Coruña, Campus A Zapateira, 15071 A Coruña, Spain e Department of the Environment, Catalonia Regional Government, Av. Diagonal 525, 08193 Barcelona, Spain |
| Abstract: | Levels of cocaine and other psychoactive substances in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) were determined in urban environments representing distinct social behaviours with regard to drug abuse: night-life, university and residential areas. Three cities (with population >1 million and <0.3 million inhabitants) were selected. Mean daily levels of drugs in PM were 11-336 pg/m3 for cocaine, 23-34 pg/m3 for cannabinoids, and 5-90 pg/m3 for heroin. The highest levels were recorded on weekends, with factors with respect to weekdays of 1-3 for cocaine, 1-2 for cannabinoids and 1.1-1.7 for heroin. Higher levels were detected in the night-life areas, pointing towards consumption and trafficking as major emission sources, and possibly ruling out drug manufacture. The similarities in temporal trends at all sites suggested a city-scale transport of psychoactive substances. Correlations were detected between cocaine and amphetamine consumption (r2 = 0.98), and between heroin and cannabinoids (r2>0.82). |
| Keywords: | Cocaine Illicit drugs PM2.5 Spain |
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