辽河流域水污染治理历程与“十四五”控制策略

为明晰辽河流域水污染治理“十四五”需求，进一步科学合理地推进辽河流域治理与保护进程，通过调研历史监测数据、统计年鉴等资料，回顾辽河流域水环境演化和治理历程.将辽河流域的治理分为3个阶段:第1阶段（1991—1999年），该阶段流域水环境呈重度污染并持续恶化，环境治理逐渐起步；第2阶段（2000—2006年），该阶段辽河流域水质恶化趋势基本得到遏制，控源治污初显成效；第3阶段（2007—2019年），该阶段辽河流域水质优良比例整体持续提升，国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项有力支撑流域综合调控.辽河流域水污染治理颇显成效，但仍存在以下主要问题:①辽河流域水污染治理经历了从单一的控源治污向河流综合治理转变，污染程度由重度转为轻度，但流域水污染控制依然不容乐观；②辽河流域属寒冷地区缺水型河流，生态流量不足；③水质改善及水生态恢复成果不稳定；④流域管理机制体制有待完善.“十四五”应针对性增设分水期考核方式和水生态考核指标，完善水环境标准；坚持水资源、水环境、水生态“三水”统筹科学施治，构建减排和增容相结合的水污染控制模式，推动水量、水质、水功能良性循环发展；建立流域统筹管理、垂直领导的管理体制，制定辽河流域河流空间管控的长效机制，促进环保技术产业化，发展流域循环经济，缓解经济社会发展与水环境保护矛盾，最终实现流域经济社会可持续健康发展. 

Water Pollution Management Process and '14th Five-Year Plan ' Pollution Control Strategy for Liao River Basin

In order to clarify the requirements of the '14th Five-Year Plan' for water pollution control in the Liao River Basin and to scientifically push forward the management and protection of Liao River Basin, this paper analyzed and reviewed the history and evolution of the water environment in the Liao River Basin by investigating historical monitoring data and statistical yearbooks to summarize the existing problems in the river basin and proposed corresponding suggestions. The pollution control and management process of the Liao River Basin was divided into three stages. In the first stage (1991-1999), the water environment in the river basin was seriously polluted and the water quality continued to deteriorate. The implementation of pollution control strategies just gradually began. In the second stage (2000-2006), the deterioration of water quality in the Liao River Basin was largely contained. Source control and pollution remediation showed initial effects. In the third stage (2007-2019), the water quality in the Liao River Basin continued to improve. The implementation of the National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment effectively supported comprehensive river basin water quality regulation and pollution control. Water pollution control in the river basin has achieved remarkable results. However, there were still some problems in the management of the Liao River Basin: (1) Although the water pollution control in the Liao River Basin has undergone a transformation from a simply source control to a comprehensive river water pollution management, and the degree of pollution has changed from severe to mild, water pollution control in the river basin still needs further improvement; (2) The Liao River Basin is a water-deficient river in the cold area, and the environmental flow is insufficient; (3) The water quality improvement and water ecological restoration results are unstable; (4) The watershed management regime needs to be improved. The '14th Five-Year Plan' should include water-season specific evaluation methods and water ecological assessment indicators, and improve water environment standards; adhere to scientific setup of integrated measures for water resources, water environment and water ecology; build a water pollution control model that combines emission reduction and capacity enhancement; promote a benign development of water quantity, water quality, and water function; establish a management system with integrated watershed management and vertical leadership; formulate a long-term regime for spatial river management and pollution control in the Liao River Basin; promote the industrialization of environmental protection technologies and develop a circular economy in the river basin to alleviate the contradiction between economic and social development, and water environmental protection, and ultimately achieve a sustainable and healthy development of the river basin's economy and society.