The Optical Evaluation of Smoke or Participate Matter Collected on Filter Paper

Many food, fiber, forage, and forest crops and a number of animals are adversely affected by a variety of air pollutants. The more important and generally occurring of these pollutants are ethylene, fluorides, ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN), and sulfur oxides. Their effects upon animals and plants can best be judged by criteria which describe the reaction of biologic materials to pollutant concentration and exposure time. Four criteria are recognized: (1) interference with enzyme systems; (2) change in cellular chemical constituents and physical structure; (3) retardation of growth and reduction in production from altered metabolism; and (4) acute immediate tissue degeneration. Information on tissue degenerative effects due to these pollutants is the most common; there are some reports on growth and productivity reduction; but little data are available on cellular alterations and interference with enzymes. Determination and measurement of the latter two criteria are essential to the ultimate definition and prediction of the significance of the effects of pollutants on growth and productivity of agriculture. Dosage data are available which indicate the degenerative effects of some specific pollutants on certain tissues of hosts. Political-social judgments can be made because of the knowledge of the effects of these specific pollutants; this knowledge thus permits the establishment of standards which define air quality necessary for the protection of agriculture. The importance of combined pollutant effects mitigates against the ready setting of standards on an airshed or significant regional basis. The setting of standards for a single polluiant effects upon crops and animals effectively serves as a precedent and indicates the necessity of establishing air quality values for pollutant mixtures emitted into and produced within the air resource at different geographic locations as the polluted air moves throughout the typically multigovernment jurisdictions of the airsheds.