再生自然资源代际可持续利用的经济分析与制度安排--以渔业资源为例

自然资源由于其较强的公共性和外部性而使其因代际问题所导致的私有市场失灵比一般的产品严重,原因是自然资源代际利用中当代人都倾向于最大限度使用资源,从而引发自然资源“公地悲剧”问题比一般产品严重。再生自然资源虽然在代际利用中的利益冲突比非再生自然资源低,但代际问题所带来的市场失灵依然存在。因此,再生自然资源的代际可持续利用需要政府依据其经济特性进行一定的规制,制订出合理的使用制度。以渔业资源为例,在沙发尔（Schaefer）模型的基础上,利用成本——效益的经济学分析法,分析了再生自然资源代际可持续利用中的成本与收益,提出再生自然资源代际可持续使用的制度安排和优化措施,包括边际成本动态规制、明确界分所有权、实施可交易配额和公共补偿性规制。

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS TO MAKE USE OF THE RENEWABLE RESOURCE BETWEEN GENERATIONS AND ITS EFFECTIVE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT--TAKE THE FISHERY RESOURCES AS AN EXAMPLE

Market failure of natural resources is more serious than general products because its generation's problems which bring by its public and external economic character are more serious than general products. In the usage of natural resources between generations, the contemporary person always tends to use natural resources as more as possible, and this kind of behavior makes the problem of "public land tragedy" more serious than general goods. Although the conflicts in using renewable resource between generations are slighter than the depletable resource, the problem of market failure that brings by the generations' behavior still exists. Therefore, in order to use the renewable resource between generations in a sustainable way, government needs to enter the renewable resource market to regulate it according to its economic character, and to establish a reasonable usage institution system. Taking the fishery resources used in a sustainable way as an example, the paper first uses the cost-value economics method to analyze the using cost and value of renewable resource in its usage between generations on the basis of Schaefer's model. Then, the paper put forward the optimum institution pathway in which the renewable resource can be used effectively between generations, including the regulation by original cost, definite division of property rights, the exchangeable regulation contributing tickets and the regulation of public compensation.