完善我国流域生态补偿制度的思考——以东江流域为例

上下游对流域生态资源保护做出的贡献与生态利益享有的不平等导致区域间社会经济差距的扩大，需要通过生态补偿制度的建立和完善来实现区域统筹和谐发展，但我国现行生态补偿制度由于行政区界限制、相关法规建设不完善、补偿方式较单一、补偿标准测算困难等原因面临不少问题和困境。以东江流域现行生态补偿措施为视点，分析了当前生态补偿研究实践中存在的问题；进而以此为基点根据流域生态系统的连贯性与人类政治结构分割性之间的矛盾进行反思，提出打破流域行政区界限制，统筹构建流域“生态共同体”的理念；并在此理念指导下，提出采取“政府主导、市场运作”策略。即在明确界定流域范围后，首先由“政府主导”开展全流域综合规划、建立和完善省内流域统管机制、跨省流域生态共享共建统筹协商机制；其次以水质水量、出售许可交易权方式测算“生态共同体”之间核算补偿资金，并结合“市场运作”实施多样化并进补偿方式；同时建立流域生态补偿奖惩制度并将其纳入“生态共同体”干部绩效考核体系，构建流域补偿的长效机制，完善我国流域生态补偿制度。

Consideration on how to well-establish the basin ecological compensation system in China: case analysis of Dongjiang River Basin

The inequality of contribution to ecological resources protection and ecological benefit between upstream and downstream watersheds has led to the expansion of regional social and economic disparity, so a well-established ecological compensation system is needed to realize the harmonious development of the whole basin. The present ecological compensation system is facing many problems and difficulties due to the reasons such as the restrictions of administrative boundaries etc. Based on the Dongjiang River ecological compensation policies in practice, this paper analyses the current problems existed in the ecological compensation. Further, combined with the characteristics of river basin, we put forward the concept of "Ecological Communities" with an aim to break the administrative boundaries, and to take the strategy of "Government-led, and Market Operation". Firstly, the whole basin comprehen-sive planning, establishment of the rules in trans-provincial mechanism, whole watershed ecological development and consultation mechanism etc. should be led by the government after the determination of the scope of basin. Secondly, ecological compensation funds among "Ecological Communities" with water quality and quantity as the accounting standards can be implemented in "Market Operation" form and in diversity-training compensation methods. Finally, watershed ecological compensation rewards and punish-ment system should be merged into the performance evaluation system of cadres in the "Ecological Communities" to establish and perfect the mechanism of ecological compensation system in China.