国际湿地保护政策及形式的演变研究

湿地丧失与退化已被公认为全球性的生态环境和社会问题。本文在综述相关文献的基础上，将国际湿地政策的演变划分为三个阶段：20世纪60年代以前的湿地开发期，20世纪60年代至90年代间的政策转型期以及20世纪90年代至今的湿地全面保护期。湿地被围垦、转换为农地是湿地开发期最主要的特质，是导致湿地大量丧失与退化的主要肇因；《湿地公约》的签署标志着国际湿地政策进入转型期阶段，倡导湿地保护与合理利用；而美国政府于上个世纪90年代初期提出的湿地“零净损失”政策目标，成为继《湿地公约》签署后推动全球湿地政策发生深刻改变的最主要驱动力之一，标志着国际湿地政策进入全面保护期阶段。

Evolution of Wetland Conservation Policy in Developed Countries

The loss and degradation of wetlands have been recognized as a global ecological and social issue. Based on rele- vant references, this paper divided the development of wetlands policies in developed countries into three periods ： the explorative period（ before 1960s）, the policy transition period（from 1960s to 1990s）and the all -round conservation period（ since 1990s）. The main characteristics of the explorative period were that wetlands were cultivated or converted into farmland, causing large loss and severe degradation of wetlands. The development of international wetlands policies entered the policy transition period when ＂Ramsar Convention＂ was signed, pledging to protect and use wetlands wisely. Following ＂the Ramsar Convention＂, American government proposed the so called ＂No Net Loss＂ project in the early of 1990s, which pushed forward more significant changes on wetlands policies. From then on, the development of international wetlands policies entered the all - round conservation period.