上海市饮用水源地周边环境中的重金属

对上海市饮用水源地周边环境介质(农田土壤、道路灰尘和蔬菜)中重金属的累积特征进行了研究,分析了重金属的空间结构特征及主要污染来源,揭示了周边环境中重金属对水环境的影响,并对重金属的生态风险状况进行了评估.研究表明:①饮用水源地周边各环境介质中重金属已出现不同程度的累积,道路灰尘重金属Cd、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和As的平均含量分别为0.80、0.23、148.45、127.52、380.57、63.17、250.38和10.37mg·kg-1;农田土壤含量相对较低,分别为0.16、0.33、30.14、30.66、103.79、24.04、65.75和6.31mg·kg-1;蔬菜中8种重金属的平均含量分别为0.010(Cd)、0.016(Hg)、0.36(Pb)、12.80(Cu)、61.69(Zn)、2.04(Ni)、2.41(Cr)和0.0391mg·kg-1;②通过半方差分析和多元分析,推断人类活动的输入是农田土壤重金属积累的最主要原因,而交通污染则是道路灰尘重金属的主要来源;③蔬菜对土壤重金属的富集系数表现为:Zn(0.589)>Cu(0.412)>0.102(Ni)>Cd(0.059)>Cr(0.061)>Hg(0.061)>Pb(0.012))As(0.007),蔬菜中Cd和Zn主要源于根系对土壤重金属的吸收,其它重金属元素可能主要源于气孔对大气污染物的吸收;④周边土壤是水源地沉积物的重要物源,但沉积物与周边环境介质重金属含量不存在显著性相关;⑤重金属生态风险模糊综合评估结果,农田土壤表现为无警-预警,道路灰尘为预警-轻警,蔬菜为预警-轻警,3种环境介质综合评估结果为预警-轻警.

Heavy Metals in Environmental Media Around Drinking Water Conservation Area of Shanghai

The levels of heavy metals in Shanghai drinking water conservation area were determined, and the spatial distributions and main sources of heavy metals were investigated. Moreover, the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals was conducted. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The average concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and As in road dust were 0.80, 0.23, 148.45, 127.52, 380.57, 63.17, 250.38 and 10.37 mg x kg(-1) respectively. In terms of the pollution level, the values of soils were relatively lower, with the mean contents of 0.16 (Cd), 0.33 (Hg), 30.14 (Pb), 30.66 (Cu), 103.79 (Zn), 24.04 (Ni), 65.75 (Cr) and 6.31 mg x kg(-1) (As) severally; meanwhile the average levels of heavy metals in vegetables were 0.010 (Cd), 0.016 (Hg), 0.36 (Pb), 12.80 (Cu), 61.69 (Zn), 2.04 (Ni), 2.41 (Cr) and 0.039 mg x kg(-1) (As) respectively. (2) Semivariogram and multivariate analysis indicated that heavy metals pollution of soils was induced by anthropogenic activities mostly, and the pollutants produced by traffic were the major source of heavy metals in road dust. (3) The order for heavy metal enrichment coefficients of vegetables was as following: Zn (0.589) > Cu (0.412) > 0.102 (Ni) > Cd (0.059) > Cr (0.061) > Hg (0.056) > Pb (0.012) > As (0.007), and the results indicated that Cd and Zn in vegetables were mainly from the soils, and the other metals were probably from the pollutants in the atmosphere. (4) Sediments in drinking water conservation area were probably derived from soils around; however, there was no significant relationship between heavy metals contents of them. (5) The results of ecological risk assessment of heavy metals showed that heavy metals in soils were in no-warning to warning situation, and warning to light-warning situation for road dust and vegetables. The fuzzy synthesis judgment for all the environmental media around drinking water conservation area was warning to light-warning.