渤海直排海污染源排放特征及管理对策研究

本文根据2011－2020年渤海直排海污染源监测数据，分析了渤海直排海污染源污染物排放特征及变化趋势，总结了2017年以来特别是渤海综合治理攻坚战实施后直排海污染源治理成效，并提出相应的管理对策。研究结果表明:2011－2020年，渤海直排海污染源污水排放量与黄海、东海和南海海区相比一直处于低位，化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷等污染物排放量总体呈先增加后减少的趋势；从2018年渤海综合治理攻坚战实施开始，直排海污染源入海污水总量呈明显上升趋势，但化学需氧量、总磷、总氮等主要污染物总量和浓度比明显下降，直排海污染源达标率呈逐年上升趋势；空间分布上，山东省、辽宁省属于直排海污染源排放量和排放强度高的省份；时间分布上，2018－2020年第四季度化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、氨氮等主要污染物排放量呈明显上升趋势。结合渤海直排海污染源排放特征，建议应健全渤海直排海污染源管控体系，分类推进渤海直排海污染源精准整治，提升渤海直排海污染源监测能力，为深入开展渤海直排海污染源污染治理提供支撑。

Study on emission characteristics and management countermeasures of pollution sources directly discharged into Bohai Sea

Based on the monitoring data of pollution sources directly discharged into Bohai Sea from 2011 to 2020, this paper analyzes the emission status and trend of pollution sources directly discharged into Bohai Sea, understands the effectiveness and shortcomings of pollution sources directly discharged into sea in the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea, and puts forward corresponding management countermeasures. The results show that: from 2011 to 2020, the discharge of pollution sources directly discharged into Bohai Sea has been at a low level compared with the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea, and the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and other pollutants have increased first and then decreased. Since the implementation of the comprehensive management of the Bohai Sea in 2018, the total amount of sewage into the sea from the pollution sources directly discharged into sea has increased significantly, but the total amount and concentration ratio of chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and other major pollutants have decreased significantly. The compliance rate of pollution sources directly discharged into sea has increased year by year. In terms of spatial distribution, Shandong and Liaoning belong to the provinces with high pollution emission and emission intensity of direct discharge sea. In terms of time distribution, the emissions of pollution sources directly discharged into sea such as chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen showed a significant upward trend in the fourth quarter of 2018 － 2020. Combined with the emission characteristics of pollution sources directly discharged into sea, it is suggested that the control system of pollution sources directly discharged into sea should be improved, the precise regulation of pollution sources directly discharged into sea should be promoted by classification, and the monitoring capacity of pollution sources directly discharged into sea should be improved, so as to provide support for the in-depth treatment of pollution sources directly discharged into Bohai Sea.