Towards cleaner degreasing method in industries: ultrasound-assisted aqueous degreasing process in leather making |
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| Authors: | V. Sivakumar F. Chandrasekaran G. Swaminathan P.G. Rao |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Chemical Engineering Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India;2. North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Medan State Polytechnic, 20155, Medan, Indonesia;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010 Australia;1. College of Resources & Environment, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi''an 710021, China;2. Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemical and Technology of Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi''an 710021, China;3. Shaanxi Research Institute of Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Xi''an 710021, Shaanxi, China;4. College of Foreign Languages and Communications, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi''an 710021, China;1. LSRE – Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;2. Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia (LNEG), Campus de S. Mamede de Infesta, Rua da Amieira, Apartado 1089, 4466-901 S. Mamede de Infesta, Portugal;1. Room 3.12 O''Rahilly Building, Department of Accounting, Finance and Information Systems and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland;2. Environment and Natural Resources, School of Business, University of Iceland, Gimli v/Saemundargata, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland;1. New Huadu Business School, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China;2. Collaborative Innovation Center for Energy Economics and Energy Policy, China Institute for Studies in Energy Policy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005 PR China;3. The School of Economics, China Center for Energy Economics Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005 PR China;4. Directorate of Colleges, Higher Education, Archives and Libraries Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Studies on ultrasound-assisted processes are gaining importance due to its effectiveness and facilitating green method in processing. Degreasing of skin/hide prior to tanning process is an important unit operation. Presence of large amounts of natural fat at the interior of skin/hide matrix makes degreasing process a challenging one. Conventionally, organic solvent and/or detergent based degreasing process are employed leading to environmental problems. In the present paper, the use of power ultrasound in aqueous degreasing process has been studied and compared with different degreasing systems. Glutaraldehyde pre-tanning has also been employed for carrying out the degreasing process at ultrasonic bath temperature. The results indicate that there is a significant increase in the degreasing efficiency due to the application of ultrasound. About 2-fold increase in fat removal has been observed due to the use of ultrasound as compared to control under the given process conditions. Comparing the degreasing efficiencies of the solvent with aqueous based ultrasonic processes, about 80% of the solvent degreasing efficiency could be obtained for aqueous degreasing process. This novel ultrasonic process helps in making aqueous degreasing process a viable option, which is eco-friendly even dispensing with temperature control measures. |
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