Toward chemical-free reclamation of biologically pretreated greywater: solar photocatalytic oxidation with powdered activated carbon |
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| Authors: | Holger Gulyas Pawel Choromanski Nils Muelling Maria Furmanska |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Wastewater Management and Water Protection, Hamburg University of Technology, Eissendorfer Str. 42, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany;2. Institute for Environmental Engineering Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 20, PL-00-653 Warsaw, Poland;1. School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Discipline, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500 Malaysia;2. Sustainable Water Alliance, Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500 Malaysia;1. alchemia-nova GmbH, institute for innovative phytochemistry & closed loop processes, Baumgartenstraße 93, A-1140 Vienna, Austria;2. Institute of Soil Research, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria;3. ICRA, Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain;4. Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain;5. Institute of Sanitary Engineering and Water Pollution Control, BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria;6. Radtke Biotechnik, Egerlandstraße 16, D-97209 Veitshöchheim, Germany;7. LEQUiA, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Girona, Carrer Pic de Peguera 15, E-17003 Girona, Spain;1. UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;2. Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia;3. School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation is a water reclamation technology which avoids chemical consumption and can be powered by solar radiation. Because this generally sustainable process is of limited efficiency for the treatment of biologically pretreated greywater, it was combined with activated carbon adsorption. The effluent of a constructed wetland for treatment of separately collected greywater was subjected to photocatalytic oxidation using the photocatalyst titanium dioxide (TiO2) “P25” in both the absence and the presence of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Photocatalytic oxidation alone with UV fluences of about 10 Wh L?1 was not capable of reducing total organic carbon (TOC) from an initial concentration of 5.5 mg L?1 safely below 2 mg L?1 as a prerequisite for high-quality water reuse purposes. However, when PAC was added, TOC concentrations subsequent to photocatalytic oxidation were less than 2 mg L?1 even after reusing the TiO2/PAC mixture 10 times. PAC addition is estimated to reduce the insolation area necessary to achieve this target by solar photocatalytic oxidation of biologically treated greywater by a factor 7. This combination process represents an innovative chemical-free technology within wastewater reuse schemes. |
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