Understanding of groundwater salinity using statistical modeling in a small tropical island,East Malaysia |
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Authors: | Sarva Mangala Praveena Mohd Harun Abdullah Kawi Bidin Ahmad Zaharin Aris |
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Institution: | (1) School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Locked Bag 2073, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;(2) Water Research Unit, School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia, Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia;(3) Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia |
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Abstract: | This paper presents an understanding of groundwater salinity by identification of effective factors using chemometric methods
(cluster analysis and multiple linear regressions) in Manukan Island, Sabah. Local groundwater and environmental properties
were used to explore the effective factors of groundwater salinity. Cluster analysis showed salinity and chloride illustrated
the highest similarities. Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were also grouped in the same cluster. Seawater
is the only chloride source in groundwater of Manukan Island demonstrated an indication of seawater mixing in freshwater.
It is an effect of upward movement of the seawater by pumping activities. Precipitation and evapotranspiration (environmental
condition) with hydraulic heads were clustered together to show that they also influence salinity concentration in groundwater.
Multiple linear regressions showed descending order of the factors from chloride (the largest contribution) to evapotranspiration
(the smallest contribution) and illustrated the contribution to groundwater salinity in Manukan Island. The integrated results
using chemometric methods have provided a way to identify the effective factors on groundwater salinity. This similar approach
and resulting equation can be applied in other small tropical islands with alike hydrogeological condition and limited information
available for a better understanding of its groundwater salinity. |
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