Study on ambient concentrations of PM10, PM10–2.5, PM2.5 and gaseous pollutants. Trace elements and chemical speciation of atmospheric particulates |
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| Authors: | G Dongarrà E Manno D Varrica M Lombardo M Vultaggio |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China;3. SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;1. Dep. Explotación y Prospección de Minas, University of Oviedo, Escuela de Ingeniería de Minas, Energía y Materiales, c/Independencia, 13, 33004 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain;2. Environmental Geochemistry Research and Engineering Laboratory, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain;3. Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, United Kingdom;1. Istituto di Scienze dell''Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;3. Istituto di Scienze dell''Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy;1. College of Architecture & Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;2. Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China;3. National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu 610065, China |
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| Abstract: | This study provides the first comprehensive report on mass concentrations of particulate matter of various sizes, inorganic and organic gas concentrations monitored at three sampling sites in the city of Palermo (Sicily, Italy). It also provides information on the water-soluble species and trace elements. A total of 2054 PM10 (1333) and PM2.5 (721) daily measurements were collected from November 2006 to February 2008. The highest mass concentrations were observed at the urban stations, average values being about two times higher than those at the suburban (control) site. Time variations in PM10 and also PM10–2.5 were observed at the urban stations, the highest concentrations being measured in autumn and winter. CO, NOx, NO2, benzene, toluene and o-xylene concentrations peaked in autumn and winter, a pattern similar to those recorded for PM10 and PM10–2.5 mass levels, indicating the importance of traffic emissions in urban air pollution. 91% and 51% of the benzene measurements exceeded the limit of 5 μg m?3 at the two urban monitoring sites. Trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb) suspected of being introduced into the atmosphere mainly by anthropogenic activities, were highly enriched with respect to local soil. Results indicate that a large fraction of PM10 (31–47% in weight) and PM2.5 (29% in weight) is made up of water-soluble ions. Ammonium sulphate and nitrate particles accounted for 14–29 wt% of particulate matter mass concentrations. Crustal and marine components, combined, account for 41% and 49% in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The calculated deficits in Cl- and NH4+ ions suggest that a proportion of these ions are lost, via the formation of gaseous NH4Cl or HCl and NH3. |
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