我国近年农业气象与农业生物灾害的特点

以1999,2000,2003,2004,2005,2006和2007年各省份(包括直辖市、自治区,下同)单位播种面积的成灾面积比例与全国的均值相比较,计算了各省这7年中各灾害的成灾指数。结果表明:(1)全国有12个省份的旱灾情况重于全国平均水平,其中内蒙古、甘肃、辽宁旱灾最为严重,成灾指数在2.5以上。(2)有10个省份洪涝灾重于全国平均水平,洪涝灾严重的4个省份依次是湖北、重庆、安徽、湖南。(3)有8个省份风雹灾情况重于全国平均水平,灾害严重的依次是浙江、北京、海南、青海、河北。(4)有7个省份台风灾情况重于全国平均水平,5个灾害严重的省份依次是浙江、海南、广东、福建、广西。(5)有6个省份低温冻害情况重于全国平均水平,5个严重省份依次是宁夏、青海、甘肃、内蒙古和湖北。(6)有10个省份农作物病虫害受灾情况重于全国平均水平,4个严重的省份依次是上海、江苏、浙江、河北。(7)有16个省份农田草害情况重于全国平均水平,农田草害严重的6个省份依次是山东、湖南、江苏、河北、北京、浙江。(8)有15个省份农田鼠害情况重于全国平均水平,其中4个省份为重灾,依次是北京、吉林、青海、重庆。北京历年受灾最为严重,成灾指数平均在3.4以上。因此,我国各种自然灾害的主要分布地区和省份变化较大,各地区和省份应根据当地发生的主要灾害,采取有针对性的防治对策。

Characteristics of agro-meteorological and agrobiological disasters in China in recent years

The disaster stricken areas per unit seeding area of all provinces(including municipalities and autonomous regions,same below) in 1999,2000,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007 were compared with the national average,and the loss indices for each disaster and each province were calculated.The results show that:(1) There are 12 provinces whose drought situation is more severe than the national average,in which eight provinces,including Inner Mongolia,Gansu and Liaoning etc.,whose drought situation is the most serious,with the loss indices of 2.5 or above.(2)There are 10 provinces whose flood disaster is more severe than the national average.The province lists according to the flood disaster seriousness are Hubei,Chongqing,Anhui and Hunan.(3) There are 8 provinces whose calamity of the wind and hail is more severe than the national average,and among which,Zhejiang,Beijing,Hainan,Qinghai and Hebei are the most severe in order.(4) There are 7 provinces whose typhoon disaster is more severe than the national average,and among which,Zhejiang,Hainan,Guangdong,Fujian and Guangxi are the most severe in order.(5) There are 6 provinces where low-temperature and freeze damage are more severe than the national average.The five most severe provinces are Ningxia,Qinghai,Gansu,Inner Mongolia in order.(6) There are 10 provinces in which disasters of crop pests and diseases are more severe than the national average.The four provinces with the most severe disaster are Shanghai,Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Hebei in order.(7) There are 16 provinces where the disaster of farmland weeds is more severe than the national average.The most serious provinces with the disaster are Shandong,Hunan,Jiangsu,Hebei and Beijing,Zhejiang,Shandong,Hunan in order.(8) There are 15 provinces in which field mouse disaster of farmland crops is more severe than the national average,and the four severe provinces with the disaster are Beijing,Jilin,Qinghai and Chongqing in order.Beijing are affected most seriously by the disasters and its average loss index is greater than 3.4.In all,different natural disasters distributed in different regions and provinces.So each region and province should take its own countermeasures with respect to its main disasters.