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Ionic liquids for the inhibition of gas hydrates. A review |
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| Authors: | Ul Haq Ihtisham Qasim Ali Lal Bhajan Zaini Dzulkarnain B Foo Khor Siak Mubashir Muhammad Khoo Kuan Shiong Vo Dai-Viet N Leroy Eric Show Pau Loke |
| Institution: | 1.Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia ;;2.CO2 Research Centre (CO2RES), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia ;;3.PTTEP, Level 26-30, Tower 2, Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Centre, 50088, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ;;4.Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering, Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ;;5.Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ;;6.Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ;;7.Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India ;;8.Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, Université de Nantes, 44600, Saint Nazaire, France ;;9.Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia ; |
| Abstract: | The formation of gas hydrates is a major issue during the operation of oil and gas pipelines, because gas hydrates cause plugging, thereby disrupting the normal oil and gas flows. A solution is to inject gas hydrate inhibitors such as ionic liquids. Contrary to classical inhibitors, ionic liquids act both as thermodynamic inhibitors and hydrate inhibitors, and as anti-agglomerates. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids have been found efficient for the inhibition of CO2 and CH4 hydrates. For CO2 gas hydrates, N-ethyl-N-methylmorpholinium bromide showed an average depression temperature of 1.72 K at 10 wt% concentration. The induction time of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide is 36.3 h for CO2 hydrates at 1 wt% concentration. For CH4 hydrates, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride showed average depression temperature of 4.80 K at 40 wt%. For mixed gas hydrates of CO2 and CH4, only quaternary ammonium salts have been studied. Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide shifted the hydrate liquid vapour equilibrium to 1.56 K at 10 wt%, while tetrabutylammonium hydroxide showed an induction time of 0.74 h at 1 wt% concentration. |
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