Contents and sources of DDT impurities in dicofol formulations in Turkey |
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Authors: | Cafer Turgut Cengiz Gokbulut Teresa J Cutright |
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Institution: | (1) Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Turkey;(2) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Turkey;(3) Department Civil Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, 44325-3905, OH, USA |
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Abstract: | Background, aim, and scope Dicofol is widely used as a pesticide in agriculture applications. Since dicofol is mainly synthesized from dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane
(DDT), it contains DDT as an impurity. The European Community has forced Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC to reduce DDT in
dicofol formulations. Specifically, DDT content in a dicofol formulation cannot exceed 0.1%. The goal of this project was
to determine the DDT content in dicofol formulations used in Turkey.
Materials and methods Samples of all the dicofol formulations in Turkey were collected to quantify DDT and DDT-related compounds. Four replicates
were used for each sample. GC/MS/MS was used to analyze p,p′ and o,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD, and DDE. A HPLC was used to determine
p,p′-Cl-DDT concentrations.
Results The total DDT content of the formulated dicofol was found between 0.3% and 14.3%. The concentration of p,p′-DDE ranged from
167 to 1,042 mg kg−1 in dicofol samples. p,p′-DDT concentrations were found to be 32 to 183 mg kg−1. The o,p’-DDT level ranged from 2 to 34 mg kg−1 in the dicofol formulations analyzed.
Discussion It was estimated that 617.8 kg of DDT was released from dicofol. The main impurity was identified as p,p-Cl-DDT. Based on
these results, dicofol serves as a continuing source of DDT contamination.
Conclusions All DDT concentrations in dicofol samples analyzed were higher than the permitted 0.1% level of Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC.
The reduction of dicofol is critical since it serves as a continual source of DDT contamination.
Recommendations and perspectives DDT has been found in soil, water, and air samples. Dicofol has been identified as a contributor to continued DDT contamination
in soil and water. More studies are needed to ascertain the source of DDT in the air. |
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Keywords: | Dicofol formulations in Turkey DDT impurities EC Prohibition Directive 79/117/EEC Pesticides Reduction of DDT in dicofol formulations |
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