我国核电与煤电环境影响的外部成本比较

应用影响路径分析和生命周期分析方法建立了核电能源链与煤电能源链的外部成本计量框架，对二者的环境影响的外部成本进行了比较评价.结果表明:煤电能源链向环境排放的污染物直接导致酸雨、降尘和全球变暖等环境效应，对人体健康、植被、生态系统、材料和清洗等造成明显影响；而核电能源链未发现可察觉的环境影响.从污染物(SO₂，NO_x，PM和CO₂)排放看，煤电能源链比核电能源链高2个数量级；煤电能源链的辐射影响是核电能源链的40倍；煤电能源链总的外部成本是核电能源链的115倍.比较可知:①核电是清洁的能源，其比煤电更有利于环境；②以煤为主的能源结构是环境问题的主要原因之一；③现行的能源价格机制中没有合理地体现环境成本.应通过节约能源、提高能源效率、改善能源结构、发展清洁能源技术、外部成本内部化以完善能源价格机制等途径促进能源的可持续发展. 

Comparison of External Costs of Environmental Impacts from Nuclear Power and Coal Power in China

Impact Pathway Analysis and Life Cycle Analysis approaches were applied to establish an accounting framework of externalities of the nuclear power chain and coal power chain.Comparative assessment of the external costs of environmental impacts from nuclear power and coal power was carried out.The results are:air pollutant emissions from the coal power chain leads directly to environmental effects of acid rain,dust deposition and global warming.Obvious impacts of air pollutant emissions from the coal power chain on human health,crops and forests,materials and cleanliness can be observed,while no perceivable impacts have been found from the nuclear power chain.The SO₂,NO_x,PM and CO₂ emission factors from the coal power chain are two orders of magnitude higher than those from the nuclear power chain;the radiation impact of the coal power chain is 40 times higher than that of the nuclear power chain;and,the total external cost of the coal power chain is 115 times higher than that of the nuclear power chain.According to the comparison results: ①nuclear power is clean and more environmentally-friendly than coal power; ②coal-based energy structure is one main reason for environmental problems in China; ③environmental values are not reflected reasonably in the present energy pricing mechanism.The way to achieve sustainable energy development could be via saving energy and enhancing energy utilization efficiency,optimizing energy structure,developing clean energy technologies,and internalizing the externalities by improving the energy pricing mechanism.