覆膜年限和有机肥施用对花生田耕层土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响

地膜和有机肥料的大量投入已导致我国农田土壤微塑料污染日趋严重.为研究调查山东德州花生农田微塑料污染状况，分析了该区域不同覆膜年限（0、3、5和8 a）和有机肥施用对农田土壤中微塑料的丰度、粒径、颜色和形状等赋存特征的影响.结果表明，覆膜0、3、5和8 a后花生耕层土壤微塑料丰度的平均值分别为65.33、316.00、1 098.67和1 346.34 n·kg^-1.随着土层深度的增加微塑料丰度降低，0～10、10～20和20～30 cm耕层中的土壤微塑料丰度分别为1 076.00、603.50和440.25 n·kg^-1，并且增加覆膜年限和施加有机肥都显著增加了微塑料的丰度（P<0.05）.粒径<1 mm微塑料占总量的77.30%，且随着覆膜年限的增加，小粒径（<1 mm）微塑料占比显著升高（P<0.05），随着土层深度的增加，其占比亦逐渐增加，施加有机肥对微塑料粒径没有显著影响.微塑料颜色组成以透明（49.77%）为主，其次是黑色（16.35%）和白色（16.27%），覆膜年限和有机肥施加对土壤中微塑料的颜色影响不显著（P>0.05），但覆膜年限显著增加了透明微塑料的占比.微塑料类型主要包括纤维类、薄膜类、碎片类、泡沫类和颗粒类，其占比分别为： 49.77%、25.41%、19.15%、3.26%和2.41%.耕层土壤微塑料的主要聚合物类型包含聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）和聚苯乙烯（PS），分别占总量的21.37%、18.57%和19.77%.由此，山东德州花生田耕层土壤中普遍存在微塑料，且地膜和有机肥施用是其主要来源，这可为花生田耕层土壤微塑料污染物防控提供重要依据.

Effect of Film Mulching Age and Organic Fertilizer Application on the Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in the Soil of a Peanut Field

The large input of mulch film and organic fertilizer have led to increasingly serious microplastic pollution in farmland soil of China. In this study, the microplastic pollution of peanut farmland in Dezhou City, Shandong Province was investigated. The effects of different mulching years (0, 3, 5, and 8 years) and organic fertilizer application on the abundance, particle size, color, and shape of microplastics in farmland soil were analyzed. The results showed that the average abundances of microplastics in peanut soil were 65.33, 316.00, 1 098.67, and 1 346.34 n·kg^-1, respectively, after 0, 3, 5, and 8 years of film mulching. The abundance of microplastics decreased with the increase in soil depth. The abundance of microplastics in 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm topsoil was 1 076.00, 603.5, and 440.25 n·kg^-1, respectively, and the abundance of microplastics increased significantly with increasing years of film mulching and organic fertilizer application (P<0.05). The particle size of microplastics in the sample plot <1 mm accounted for 77.30% of the total content, and with the increase in film mulching age, the proportion of microplastics with small particle size (<1 mm) increased significantly (P < 0.05). With the increase in soil depth, the proportion of microplastics with small particle size also gradually increased, whereas the application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the particle size of microplastics. The color of microplastics in the plot was mainly transparent (49.77%), followed by black (16.35%) and white (16.27%). The planting age and organic fertilizer application had no significant effect on the color of microplastics in the soil (P > 0.05), but the mulching age significantly increased the proportion of transparent microplastics. The abundance proportion of the five types of microplastics were 49.77%, 25.41%, 19.15%, 3.26%, and 2.41%, respectively. These field soil microplastics were mainly composed of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) polymers, accounting for 21.37%, 18.57%, and 19.77% of the total, respectively. Therefore, microplastics were widely present in the soil of the peanut field cultivated layer in Dezhou, Shandong, and the applications of mulch film and organic fertilizer were the main source. This study provides an important basis for the prevention and control of soil microplastic pollution in peanut fields.