基于BML生产率指数的中国旅游业能源效率评价与影响因素研究

为减少旅游业能源消耗,实现旅游低碳绿色发展,探讨如何提高旅游业能源效率,基于包含非期望产出的方向性距离函数,首先构建了适应旅游业的Biennial Malmquist-Luenberger(BML)效率指数,以中国30个省市2005~2013年旅游业为实证对象,测度了其能源效率,9 a来旅游业能源效率变化源泉可被分解为全要素生产率、资本对能源替代效应、劳动对能源替代效应、能源结构效应和产出结构效应5项影响因素。研究发现:(1)中国旅游业能源效率整体上处于较低水平,旅游业能源效率可以扩张提升的比例较大。(2)整体上全要素生产率、资本对能源替代效应、劳动对能源替代效应和能源结构效应的提升能促进旅游业能源效率提高。(3)近3 a来劳动和资本投入的能源替代效应对旅游业能源效率变化的作用超过了全要素生产率。(4)区域层面上,东部地区旅游业能源效率高于中西部地区,主要由地区间旅游业对资本投入使用和能源消耗结构的差异造成。(5)整个样本期间,中国17个省市旅游业能源效率呈现下降趋势,背后的因素各有不同,旅游业资本替代效应是湖北省、福建省和浙江省等多数省市旅游业能源效率下降的主要因素,全要素生产率是安徽省、海南省、贵州省和甘肃省旅游业能源效率下降的主要原因。因此,合理利用投入的资源要素对旅游业低能耗发展至关重要,尤其是要发挥好资本对能源的替代效应,高效的资本配置能极大提高旅游能源效率。

ENERGY EFFICIENCY EVALUATION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN CHINA BASED ON BML PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

To reduce the energy consumption in tourism industry and to promote green tourism development,this study investigates how to improve tourism energy efficiency.Based on the environmental directional distance function,this paper firstly constructed a Biennial Malmquist-Luenberger (BML) productivity index according to tourism characteristics.Then the tourism energy efficiency was evaluated with a sample of 30 cities over 9 years from 2005 to 2013.The changes of tourism energy efficiency can be attributed to five factors,namely total factor productivity,capital substitution effect on energy,labor substitution effect on energy,energy structure effect and output structure effect.Results show that:(1) the overall energy efficiency of China's tourism industry is at quite a low level in average,indicating a great potential to expand.(2) The improvement of total factor productivity,capital substitution,labor substitution and energy structure effect can promote tourism energy efficiency.(3) The impacts of capital substitution,labor substitution and energy structure on tourism energy efficiency have overtaken the total factor productivity in the past three years.(4) In terms of a spatial scale,the tourism energy efficiency in the eastern China is higher than that in the Midwestern China over the sample period,primarily caused by the difference of capital substitution and energy structure.(5) The tourism energy efficiency of 17 cities shows a downward trend from 2005 to 2013,nevertheless,affected by different factors.The capital substitution is the dominant contributor to tourism energy efficiency decline in most provinces,such as Hubei,Fujian and Zhejiang,whereas the total factor productivity is the main contributor in the provinces of Anhui,Hainan,Guizhou and Gansu.In sum,the rational utilization of resources is essential for low-energy consumption development in tourism industry.The substitution effect of capital for energy should be brought into full play since efficient allocation of capital can greatly improve the energy efficiency of tourism industry.