Levels and congener profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from Shanghai: Implication for exposure route of higher brominated BDEs |
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| Institution: | 1. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment Protection and Resource Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;3. Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China;1. Charles Darwin University, Research Institute for Environments and Livelihoods, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia;2. CSIRO, Land and Water, PMB 44 Winnellie, 0822, Australia;3. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Mornington Wildlife Sanctuary, PMB 925, Derby, WA, 6728, Australia;1. Department of Social Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan;2. Wildlife Research Unit, Laboratorio di Ecologia Applicata, Sezione di Biologia e Protezione dei Sistemi Agrari e Forestali, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;3. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;1. INRA, UMR 1349 IGEPP, F-35650 Le Rheu, France;2. Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS, UMR 7352 LAMFA, F-80000 Amiens, France;3. Université de Rennes 1, UMR 1349 IGEPP, F-35000 Rennes, France;4. Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1349 IGEPP, F-35000 Rennes, France;1. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;1. Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium;2. Ariel University and Emek Yezreel Academic College, Israel |
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| Abstract: | Breast milk has been widely used as a bioindicator to assess the extent of human exposure to PBDEs via various exposure routes. In this study, 48 breast milk samples were collected from primiparous women in Shanghai city, and 14 PBDEs congeners (BDE-28, − 47, − 99, − 100, − 153, − 154, − 183, − 196, − 197, − 203, − 206, − 207, − 208, and − 209) were quantified using gas chromatography-electron capture negative ionization-mass spectrometry. The mean concentration of total PBDEs was 8.6 ng/g lipid weight, and ranged from 1.8 to 26.7 ng/g lipid weight. These concentration levels were similar to those reported in Europe and Asia, but one order of magnitude lower than those in North America. The congener profiles in this study exhibited a specific pattern in human milk found worldwide, BDE-153 and BDE-28 accounted for a relatively higher proportion of lower brominated BDEs (from tri- to hepta-BDEs), whereas higher brominated BDEs (from octa- to deca-BDEs) contributed more than 70% of the total PBDEs. The Spearman's correlation coefficient among higher brominated BDEs showed a positive relationship, and concentration levels of higher brominated BDEs were statistically different between office workers and housewives. Due to relatively higher proportion of PBDEs from octa- to deca-BDEs were detected, air inhalation and dust ingestion might be the major exposure routes of higher brominated BDEs. Further research is needed to clarify the major exposure route of higher brominated BDEs to humans. |
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