Traffic-related fine and ultrafine particle exposures of professional drivers and illness: An opportunity to better link exposure science and epidemiology to address an occupational hazard? |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea;2. EcoPictures Co. Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. Dong-il Shimadzu Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea;4. Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea;5. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Republic of Korea;6. Ministry of Employment and Labor, Sejong, Republic of Korea;1. Service de dermatologie et de vénéréologie, hôpital universitaire Farhat Hached, 4000 Sousse, Tunisie;2. Département de pharmacologie, faculté de médecine, 4000 Sousse, Tunisie;3. Laboratoire d’anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, hôpital universitaire Farhat Hached, 4000 Sousse, Tunisie;1. Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea;2. Green School (Graduate School of Energy and Environment), Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea;3. EcoPictures Co., Ltd., Seoul 137-865, Republic of Korea;4. Research & Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea;1. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;2. Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China;3. Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Shenzhen 518020, China;4. Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China;1. Department of Physics, University of Siena, via Roma, 53100, Siena, Italy;2. Master in Igiene Industriale, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi, 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy;3. Dipartimento della Prevenzione, Azienda ASL Toscana Nord Ovest, Prov. Lucca, Via IV Novembre 10, 55100 Lucca, Italy.;4. Dipartimento di Agricoltura Ambiente Alimenti (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;5. Department of Medicine and Health Science, V. Tiberio, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;1. Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA |
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| Abstract: | Exposures to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) can be particularly high in transport microenvironments (i.e. in and around vehicles) despite the short durations typically spent there. There is a mounting body of evidence that suggests that this is especially true for fine (< 2.5 µm) and ultrafine (< 100 nm, UF) particles. Professional drivers, who spend extended periods of time in transport microenvironments due to their job, may incur exposures markedly higher than already elevated non-occupational exposures. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown a raised incidence of adverse health outcomes among professional drivers, and exposure to TRAP has been suggested as one of the possible causal factors. Despite this, data describing the range and determinants of occupational exposures to fine and UF particles are largely conspicuous in their absence. Such information could strengthen attempts to define the aetiology of professional drivers' illnesses as it relates to traffic combustion-derived particles.In this article, we suggest that the drivers' occupational fine and UF particle exposures are an exemplar case where opportunities exist to better link exposure science and epidemiology in addressing questions of causality. The nature of the hazard is first introduced, followed by an overview of the health effects attributable to exposures typical of transport microenvironments. Basic determinants of exposure and reduction strategies are also described, and finally the state of knowledge is briefly summarised along with an outline of the main unanswered questions in the topic area. |
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