华北1743-1744年与1876-1878年旱灾中的政府粮食调度与社会后果对比

以《清实录》等清代档案文献为主要历史信息源,挑选华北地区清代盛期(1743-1744年)和晚期(1876-1878年)分别发生的两次典型旱灾,对灾害气候背景和灾情、政府措施(特别是政府主导的跨区粮食调度)、社会后果(人口迁徙和动乱)等信息进行整理并分别对比,可以发现1743-1744年旱灾期间政府的粮食调度体现出粮食数量大、来源渠道广、调度效率高等鲜明特点,并取得了良好的社会效果;而1876-1878年旱灾则反之,粮食数量及来源有限,且转运效率极低,由此引发严重社会后果。这种转变,发生在主要余粮产区农业凋敝、南北粮食运道(大运河)阻断、漕运及仓储制度衰败的时代背景之下,重灾区空间分布带来的交通通达性差异,也在客观上影响了粮食调度的效率。

Comparison of Governmental Relief Food Scheduling and Social Consequences during Droughts of 1743-1744 AD and 1876-1878 AD in North China

In this paper,based on historical documents(mainly Actual Annals of Qing Dynasty) and climate change research,two typical droughts respectively occurring in the flourishing(1743-1744 AD) and declining(1876-1878 AD) periods of the Qing dynasty in North China are selected and reconstructed with historical information about climate background,disaster situation,governmental measures(especially inter-regional relief food scheduling conducted by central government),and social consequences(refugee migration and revolts).The results of comparative study of the two cases are as follows.Governmental relief food scheduling during drought of 1743-1744 AD could be characterized by colossal amount,broad sources,and high efficiency,which led to superbly organized famine relief and well maintained social order.In contrast,during drought of 1876-1878 AD,relief food raised by government was extremely limited in both amount and sources,and even worse,inefficiently transported to disaster area.Consequently,mass emigration and numerous revolting events broke out in and after the drought.The transformation occurred in the background of agricultural depression in main grain producing areas,interruption of Grand Canal,and decline of water transport & storage system.In addition,the different transport accessibility of disaster areas of the two droughts was also an important factor in relief food scheduling.