Energy balances,greenhouse gas emissions and economics of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Bornim (ATB), 14469 Potsdam, Germany;2. Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany;3. Department of Technology Assessment and Substance Cycles, Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), 14469 Potsdam, Germany;4. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;3. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;1. Centre for Sustainable Technologies, School of the Built Environment University of Ulster, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB, UK;2. Plant Health and Environmental Protection and Food Chemistry Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK;3. The Sir Joseph Swan Centre for Energy Research, Newcastle Institute for Research on Sustainability, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK;1. Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UCSI University, KL 56000, Malaysia;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, KL 50603, Malaysia;3. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Institute Technology Brunei, Tungku Gadong, P.O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam;1. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, 98009 Sarawak, Malaysia;2. Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;3. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;4. Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme Area, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, TungkuGadong, P.O. Box 2909, Brunei Darussalam;5. Malaysia – Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Semarak, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;6. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | ![]()
This paper presents results from a gate-to-gate analysis of the energy balance, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic efficiency of biochar production from palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB). The analysis is based on data obtained from EFB combustion in a slow pyrolysis plant in Selangor, Malaysia. The outputs of the slow pyrolysis plant are biochar, syngas, bio-oil and water vapor. The net energy yield of the biochar produced in the Selangor plant is 11.47 MJ kg−1 EFB. The energy content of the biochar produced is higher than the energy required for producing the biochar, i.e. the energy balance of biochar production is positive. The combustion of EFB using diesel fuel has the largest energy demand of 2.31 MJ kg−1 EFB in the pyrolysis process. Comparatively smaller amounts of energy are required as electricity (0.39 MJ kg−1 EFB) and for transportation of biochar to the warehouse and the field (0.13 MJ kg−1 EFB). The net greenhouse gas emissions of the studied biochar production account for 0.046 kg CO2-equiv. kg−1 EFB yr−1 without considering fertilizer substitution effects and carbon accumulation from biochar in the soil. The studied biochar production is profitable where biochar can be sold for at least 533 US-$ t−1. Potential measures for improvement are discussed, including higher productivity of biochar production, reduced energy consumption and efficient use of the byproducts from the slow pyrolysis. |
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| Keywords: | Biochar Empty fruit bunches Palm oil Greenhouse gas emissions Energy balances Economic assessment |
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