美国环境应急管理制度简析

美国作为工业发达国家,经过百余年的发展,建立了世界领先的环境应急管理制度。自2005年松花江水污染事件爆发至今,我国的环境应急管理需求迫切,管理水平也在飞速提升。对美国的环境应急管理制度的分析能为我国环境应急管理工作提供借鉴。首先,美国设立了以宪法为根基,以应急管理法律法规为主要枝干,以针对突发性环境事件的专门性立法为具体内容的管理体系。其次,美国建立了包括总统、联邦应急管理署、美国国家环境保护局,以及州、县和地方政府中的管理机构在内的多层级应急管理系统。再次,美国基于国家应急系统(NRS)及其核心国家应急计划(NCP),为环境应急响应工作制定了清晰的工作流程。此外,美国还设立了超级基金,有助于有效解决应对环境突发事件的资金来源问题。2014年1月,美国西弗吉尼亚州发生埃尔克河化学品泄漏污染水源事件,通过将该污染事故作为案例进行分析,本文详细梳理了美国各层级政府对该污染事故的应急响应处理流程,体现出其具有的流程规范、分工清晰、属地处理、联邦支持等特点。

Analysis on Environmental Emergency Management Systems of the United States

As an industrial developed country with hundreds of years'' development, the United States established an advanced environmental emergency system in the world. Since the Songhua River nitrobenzene pollution incident happened in 2005, the demand for emergency management has become urgent and the ability of Chinese emergency management has been developed fast. Therefore, analysis on the experience of the United States can provide reference for China''s environmental emergency management. Firstly, the United States set up a management system based on the constitution with emergency management laws and regulations being its main branches and the special laws for sudden environmental accidents being its concrete contents. Secondly, the United States built a multi-level emergency management system, including the President, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Environmental Protection Agency, states, counties and local government management agencies. Thirdly, the United States has developed a clear workflow for environmental emergency response based on the National Response System (NRS) and its core National Contingency Plan (NCP). In addition, the United States also set up the Super Fund to help solve the problem of raising money to deal with environmental incidents. In January 2014, a chemical leakage broke out in the Elk River in West Virginia of the United States. Taking it as an example, this paper illustrates the response process of this pollution accident in all levels of the United States'' governments, highlighting its characteristics: the standardization of working flow, the clear assignment, the duty of local government and the support from the federal government.