缓控释肥侧深施对稻田氨挥发排放的控制效果

以减少氨挥发损失为目的,以无机化肥分次施用为对照,选用树脂包膜尿素(RCU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)和掺混控释肥(RBB)3种不同类型缓控释肥料,采用一次性施肥(B)和一基一穗(BF)2种施肥方式,研究了插秧施肥一体化条件下不同类型缓控释肥侧深施及施用方式对稻田田面水氮浓度及氨挥发损失的影响.结果表明,除SCU处理基肥期田面水总氮和铵态氮质量浓度均高于常规分次施肥处理CN,RCU和RBB处理均低于CN处理.不同缓控释肥料稻田氨挥发损失差异较大,损失量占施肥量的3.84%~28.17%.与CN处理相比,不同类型缓控释肥料均有减少稻田氨挥发损失的效应,处理间氨挥发损失量表现为:CN、B-SCUBF-SCU、BF-RBB、BF-RCU、B-RBB、B-RCU.一次性基施下,B-SCU处理的氨挥发总量显著高于B-RCU和B-RBB处理,一基一穗下3种处理间氨挥发总量差异不显著.不同肥料在2种施肥方式下氨挥发损失量差异不显著,但表现不一致.BF-SCU处理的氨挥发损失量低于B-SCU处理,BF-RCU和BF-RBB处理的氨挥发损失量分别高于B-RCU和B-RBB处理.阶段氨挥发损失来看,施用SCU处理的基肥-蘖肥(7.54%)和蘖肥-穗肥阶段(16.04%)的损失较高,RBB处理的基肥-蘖肥阶段氨挥发损失(2.91%)明显增加,而RCU处理的穗肥后阶段(2.75%)是氨挥发损失的集中时期.追施穗肥尿素增加了穗肥后阶段的氨挥发排放损失,穗肥后阶段氨挥发量与田面水铵态氮质量浓度在不同类型肥料间无明显相关关系.

Control Effect of Side Deep Fertilization with Slow-release Fertilizer on Ammonia Volatilization from Paddy Fields

In order to reduce the ammonia volatilization in paddy fields, seven treatments were evaluated. These included three slow-release nitrogen fertilizerssulfur-coated urea (SCU); resin-coated urea (RCU); release bulk blending fertilizer (RBB)], two fertilization modessingle base fertilization (B) and combined with panicle fertilizer (BF)], and conventional split fertilization (CN). The effects of side deep fertilization for slow-release nitrogen fertilizers on ammonia volatilization and surface water nitrogen dynamics were examined using a rice transplanter with a fertilizer sowing mechanism in the Taihu Lake region. The results showed that total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen concentration in the surface water of the SCU treatment in the base period were higher, and those for RCU and RBB were lower than in the CN treatment. The cumulative ammonia volatilization during the whole rice season varied among different types of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers from 3.84% to 28.17% of the total N applied. The nitrogen loss from ammonia volatilization using the three slow-release nitrogen fertilizers was decreased when compared with conventional split fertilization. The ammonia volatilization loss exhibited the following relationship for the treatments:CN, B-SCU > BF-SCU, BF-RBB, BF-RCU, B-RBB, and B-RCU. When the slow-release nitrogen fertilizers were applied in single base fertilization, the total ammonia volatilization for the SCU was significantly higher than those for the RCU and RBB, while no significant differences were detected when these three slow-release fertilizers were combined with panicle fertilizer. Moreover, although the ammonia volatilization of BF-SCU was lower than that of B-SCU, those of BF-RCU and BF-RBB were higher than those with the B-RCU and B-RBB treatments, respectively. There are no significant differences for nitrogen volatilization when any of these three different fertilizers are applied as B or BF. The results for the emissions during ammonia volatilization during different stages indicated that the ammonia volatilization of SCU at the basal-tillering fertilization stage (7.54%) and the tillering-panicle fertilization stage (16.04%) were higher than those of the panicle fertilization-mature stage. The N loss from ammonia volatilization for RBB in the base-tillering fertilization stage (2.91%) increased more than in the tillering-panicle fertilization stage and panicle fertilization-mature stage. For RCU treatment, the highest rate for ammonia volatilization was detected at the panicle fertilization-mature stage (2.75%). Compared with the single base fertilization mode, ammonia volatilization during the panicle fertilization-mature stage was increased when combined with panicle fertilizer (BF) for the slow-release fertilizer. There was no obvious correlation between the N loss with ammonia volatilization for the three slow-release nitrogen fertilizers and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in surface water during the panicle fertilization-mature stage.