紧急救援中公共建筑的伦理学

灾害评估将房屋分成框架结构和混合结构、砖木结构和土坯结构来评定损失.防震减灾中,除了上述分类外,更重要的是要考虑到"房屋-人"是一种相互不可分割的系统工程.房屋不仅仅是由砖石和水泥组成的,它同时是有"情感"的:人对房屋好一点,房屋就会对主人有报答.不少农村医院、学校等公共建筑,由于设计标准低、施工中存在偷工减料的现象,已经存在着隐患,只是在建造初期没有暴露出来.有了地震这一外力,加剧了矛盾,由"小患"变成了"大害".应当"以人为本",建议新建的建筑物应在当地基本烈度的基础上提高1度进行设计;对危旧房屋的改造,也应按在当地基本烈度的基础上加1度进行加固.可以分两步走:第一步,先加强地震多发地区的公共建筑,大约在全国有百余个县;第二步,在全国推广.

The ethics of public buildings in urgent rescue

The disaster losses of houses are evaluated by dividing the houses into four types, i.e. frame, combination, brick-wood and adobeconstruction. During the work of quakeproof and reducing disaster, besides above classifcation, the more important thing is to consider that "houses and people"are a inseparablesystems engineering. The houses are not only builtwith brick and cement, but also with "feelings". That is to say, if people build the houses firmly enough,the latter will do good to people. Because of the low design standardand jerry-building during the construction course, there has been hidden troublefor respectablepublic buildings, e.g. the country hospitals, schools and so on. But it was not exposedin the early periodof construction course. When the earthquake takes place, the little troublecomes into being great danger. So we should take people for fundamentality, and suggest that the newly-builthouses should be designed by adding one degree to the local seismic basic intensity. Meanwhile, to reform the dangerous and old houses, they should be reinforced in the same way. To make it true, first carry it out in areas with frequentearthquake (about over 100 counties in the whole country), and second extend it to countrywideareas.