生物炭对土壤酶活和细菌群落的影响及其作用机制

生物炭因其独特的理化性质能够提高土壤碳氮矿化速率及改善土壤微生态环境，因此探索生物炭调控土壤微生态环境与土壤酶活及其作用机制对改善土壤质量具有重要意义.采用大田试验方式研究不同生物炭施用水平0（CK2）、0.6（T1）、0.9（T2）、1.2（T3）和1.5（T4）t·hm^-2以及完全空白对照（CK1：不施任何肥料和生物炭）对土壤养分、土壤酶活和细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明，生物炭施用后土壤容重降低，pH值、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量和碳氮比均升高，较CK2处理提高的范围分别为0.32%~5.83%、14.09%~23.16%、0%~38.70%、7.49%~14.16%和4.06%~10.13%.随着生物炭用量的增加，4个土壤酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势；蔗糖酶（INV）、脲酶（URE）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和中性磷酸酶（NPH）分别较CK2处理提高的范围为63.73%~166.37%、117.52%~174.03%、12.98%~23.59%和60.84%~119.71%.与此相对应的细菌多样性显著提升，尤其是增加了芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）等促生菌的丰度；减少酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的丰度.相关性分析表明土壤碳氮比是影响土壤酶活性的关键因素，且土壤酶活又与细菌多样性存在显著的正相关关系；上述4种土壤酶活与芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）的相对丰度呈现极显著正相关关系（P<0.01），其中CAT是影响细菌群落结构的关键因子.本研究揭示了生物炭对土壤酶活及微生物菌落影响作用机制，为生物炭调控土壤酶体系和微生态生物学环境提供了理论依据.

Effect of Biochar on Soil Enzyme Activity & the Bacterial Community and Its Mechanism

Biochar-based fertilizers can improve the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in soil and enhance the soil micro-ecological environment due to particular physical and chemical properties. It is of great significance to explore the underlying mechanism of biochar-based fertilizer in the regulation of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity to improve soil quality. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different biochar-based fertilizer rates0 (CK2), 0.6 (T1), 0.9 (T2), 1.2 (T3), and 1.5 (T4) t·hm^-2]on soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, and bacterial community structure. The results showed that with the application of biochar-based fertilizer, soil bulk density decreased, while the pH value, available P, available K, organic matter content, and the C/N ratio increased by 0.32%-5.83%, 14.09%-23.16%, 0%-38.70%, 7.49%-14.16%, and 4.06%-10.13%, respectively, compared to that of the CK2 treatment. With increasing rates of biochar-based fertilizer, the enzyme activity first increased and then decreased. Invertase (INV), urease (URE), catalase (CAT), and neutral phosphatase (NPH) activity under the application of biochar-based fertilizer were 63.73%-166.37%, 117.52%-174.03%, 12.98%-23.59%, and 60.84%-119.71% higher than that of CK2, respectively. The corresponding bacterial diversity was significantly improved, especially with regard to the increase in the abundance of growth promoting bacteria, such as Gemmatimonadetes and Proteobacteria, and decreased the abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. The correlation analysis showed that soil C/N ratio was the key factor affecting soil enzyme activity, and there was a significant positive correlation between soil enzyme activity and bacterial diversity. There were significantly positive correlations among the activities of the above four soil enzymes and the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadetes (P<0.01), with CAT being the key factor affecting the bacterial community structure. This study revealed a relationship between soil enzyme activity and microbial colonies, which provides a theoretical basis and mechanism for applying biochar to regulate the soil enzyme and micro-ecological environment.