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Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area |
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| Authors: | Akira KONDO Esrom HAMONANGAN Satoshi SODA Akikazu KAGA Yoshio INOUE Masaharu EGUCHI and Yuta YASAKA |
| Institution: | 1. Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan 2. Environmental Management Center, Komplek PUSPIPTEK, JI. Raya, Puspiptek, Serpong, Bantan 15314, Indonesia 3. Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan |
| Abstract: | Total suspended particulate mater (TSP) concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum (Al), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), bromine (Br), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (Ⅴ) were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles. |
| Keywords: | TSP concentration lead concentration unleaded gasoline metropolitan area Jakarta concentrations unleaded gasoline ambient emissions exhaust gas vehicles decrease result content However major sampling locations sequential fluorescence spectrometer vanadium nickel |
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