Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Soil Science Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Embrapa Florestas, Caixa Postal 319, Colombo, PR, Brasil 83411-000, Brasil;1. Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Research Centre, Ireland;2. Netherlands Institute of Ecology, The Netherlands;3. Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands;4. Leeds University, UK;5. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands;6. ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Germany;7. University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands;8. Aarhus University, Denmark;9. University College Dublin, Ireland;10. INRA, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France;11. INRA, Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France University of Lorraine, UMR 1136, Champenoux, France;12. Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Portugal;13. CEMUC and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal;14. Crop and Soils Systems Research Group, SRUC, UK;15. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK;p. Université de Bourgogne, UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France;1. State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China;2. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130012, China;3. Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China;4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Fernow Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;2. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 East Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA;3. Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;4. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;5. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, USA;1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, 210095, China;2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, 210095, China;3. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H9ÿ3V9, Canada;1. Crop and Soil Systems Research Group, SRUC, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;2. ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Flörsheim, Germany;3. Alterra, Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700AA, The Netherlands;4. Agrocampus Ouest INRA Rennes, France;5. University of Rennes, CNRS OSUR-EcoBio, France;6. INRA Poitou Charentes, UR P3F ans Ecosys Grignon, France;7. University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia;8. Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal;9. Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany;10. Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;11. School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;12. School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;13. University of Aarhus, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark;14. INRA Dijon, France;15. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK;p. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK;q. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands;r. NIOO-KNAW, Netherlands;s. Teagasc, Johnstown Castle Research Centre, Ireland;1. Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;2. Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland |
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| Abstract: | We critically highlight some evidence for the importance of soil biodiversity to sustaining (agro-)ecosystem functioning and explore directions for future research. We first deal with resistance and resilience against abiotic disturbance and stress. There is evidence that soil biodiversity does confer stability to stress and disturbance, but the mechanism is not yet fully understood. It appears to depend on the kind of stress and disturbance and on the combination of stress and disturbance effects. Alternatively, community structure may play a role. Both possible explanations will guide further research. We then discuss biotic stress. There is evidence that soil microbial diversity confers protection against soil-borne disease, but crop and soil type and management also play a role. Their relative importance as well as the role of biodiversity in multitrophic interactions warrant further study. Henceforth, we focus on the effects of plant and soil biodiversity on nutrient and water use efficiencies as important ecological functions in agroecosystems. The available evidence suggests that mycorrhizal diversity positively contributes to nutrient and, possibly, water use efficiency. Soil fauna effects on nutrient and water use efficiencies are also apparent, but diversity effects may be indirect, through effects on soil structure. We present a conceptual diagram relating plant and soil biodiversity with soil structure and water and nutrient use efficiencies as a framework for future studies. We then consider how cropping systems design and management are interrelated and how management options might be interfaced with farmers’ knowledge in taking management decisions. Finally, we attempt to express some economic benefits of soil biodiversity to society as part of a wider strategy of conserving and using agrobiodiversity. |
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