流域水生态功能区概念、特点与实施策略

我国正处在从传统的水质管理向水生态管理转变的关键阶段,水生态功能区是实施流域水生态系统管理的基本单元. 结合区划理论的发展,对国内外区划研究进展进行了系统总结,界定了水生态功能区的基本概念,提出了水生态功能区的基本特点及其在环境管理中的主要作用,辨析了水生态功能区与水功能区、生态功能区和主体功能区的关系,提出了水生态功能区实施的政策保障体系. 结果表明,水生态功能区是开展水生态系统健康评估、识别水生态功能和确定水生态保护目标的基本单元,具有基于流域单元进行划分、以水生态系统等级结构为主线、区域区划与类型区划相统一、陆地与水体保持一致性等特点；不同功能区在基本概念、法律和政策依据、分区目的、分区体系、分区指标和方法及其在管理中的作用等方面差异显著,水生态功能区是对上述功能区的发展、补充和完善；作为一个崭新概念,水生态功能区的实施需要从法律、机构、政策和技术等方面全面保障,在此基础上构建流域水环境综合管理技术体系,支撑流域生态文明建设. 

Concept, Characteristics, and Implementary Policy of Freshwater Ecosystem Function Management Regionalization

China is in a critical stage of transition from traditional water quality management to aquatic ecosystem management. The freshwater ecosystem functional region is the basic unit in aquatic ecosystem management. Combined with the development of regionalization theory, related study cases around the world were systemically summarized. The basic concept of the regionalization of freshwater ecosystem function management was definitively defined. The basic characteristics of freshwater ecosystem function region and its major role in environmental management were put forward. The discrimination was analyzed by comparing the freshwater ecosystem functional regions with water functional zones, ecological functional zones, and principal functional regions. The implementary policy system of the regionalization was also presented. The results showed that the regionalization of freshwater ecosystem functional management represents the current trend of ecological regionalization development and is an important means to evaluate aquatic ecosystem health, identify aquatic ecological functions, and determine aquatic ecological protection goals. The regionalization is based on the watershed units and hierarchical structure of the aquatic ecosystem, and includes regional zoning and class zoning. It also maintains the consistency of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. There are significant differences in concept, legal basis, purpose, system, indices, methods, and management roles among different regionalizations. The freshwater ecosystem functional management regionalization develops, supplements, and improves the existing regionalization. As a new concept, the implementation of freshwater ecosystem function management regionalization needs legal, institutional, political, and technology, and then the integrated management system will be built for water environment that supports watershed ecological civilization.