《巴黎协定》时代的气候融资:全球进展、治理挑战与中国对策

本文首先辨析了"气候资金"与"气候融资"两个基本概念,且通过对包括《巴黎协定》在内,最新的气候资金相关法律文件、信息通报、文献资料、智库报告的研究和系统梳理,指出全球气候融资发展趋势表现在全球气候融资缺口正在持续扩大;资金来源更加市场化;发展金融机构募集、管理和分配了大部分的公共资金;新型经济体用款权受到挤压,也呈现出更大的出资潜力;稳定的碳价格被认为是全球实现"零排放"长期减排目标的核心机制。与此同时,气候资金治理体系也处在关键的转型期,目前气候资金治理正在向"自下而上"的模式过渡,《公约》外平台承担了"气候风险主流化"的多重功能,但需要警惕"自下而上"的治理模式有绕过"共同但有区别责任"的风险,且绿色气候基金运作规则的导向性作用值得关注。据此,本文在最后提出了一系列治理建议。建议我国应积极影响国际气候资金机制运营规则和技术规则的制定,避免发达国家以及代表其利益的国际组织制定的标准片面地发展为国际规则;支持在全球设定渐进的、可预测的、可信的碳价格,并且肯定将气候与环境风险因素内生化的核心思想理念;与绿色气候基金开展多方位合作,推动气候公共资金治理规则转型;加强与世界银行在气候融资领域的合作;借G20平台逐步发展为气候融资政策突破和工具创新的引领者。

Climate financing in the era of Paris Agreement: global progress,governance challenges and China's countermeasures

Beginning with differentiating and analyzing the concept of climate finance and climate financing, this paper studies and reaches a systemic carding on the latest climate finance related legal documents, information notifications, literature and think tank reports including Paris Agreement, pointing out trends in the development progress of global climate financing: climate financing gap is getting bigger;the sources of funding are getting more market-oriented;DFIs are raising and managing and allocating most of the public finance;fund using rights of emerging economies are being squeezed though they show great investment potential;stable carbon price is thought to be the core of achieving the Zero Emission long-term emission reduction goal.At the meantime, the management system of climate finance is now at a very critical transformation period.At present, the management system is going through a transformation towards a bottom-up pattern.Platforms outside the UNFCCC are playing multiple roles of climate risk mainstreaming, yet the risk of bypassing common but differentiated responsibilities under the from bottom to top pattern needs great vigilance.Besides that, the leading role of the green fund operating rules is worthy of attention.Accordingly, this article finally pointes out several governance suggestions: ①China should have positive impacts on drafting of both operating and technical rules of international climate finance mechanism, thus avoiding developed countries and international organizations that represent the interest of developed countries from enacting international rules in their favor alone.②China should support the setting of progressive, measureable and credible carbon price, and affirm the idea and theory of endogenesis of climate and environmental risk factors.③China should strengthen in-depth cooperation with the Green Climate Fund, so as to promote the transformation of climate public finance operating rules.④China should strengthen the cooperation with the World Bank in areas of climate financing.⑤Through the G20 platform, China should gradually develop to be the leader in policy breakthroughs and tools innovation in the field of climate financing.