The hazards and risks of hydrogen |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, 49930 MI, USA;2. Institute of Gas Safety Technology, Korea Gas Safety Corporation, 332-1, Daeya-dong, Shiheung-shi, Gyeonggi-do 429-712, Korea;1. Institute of Hydrogen Economy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia;2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia;3. Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John''s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada;1. Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 UM Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;2. School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece;1. Systems Risk and Reliability Analysis Lab (SyRRA), Center for Risk and Reliability, 0151C Glenn L. Martin Hall, 4298 Campus Drive, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA;1. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;2. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3 Chome-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita Ward, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan;3. Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;4. Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;5. Center for Creation of Symbiosis Society with Risk, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan;6. United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), East Hartford, CT 06108 USA |
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| Abstract: | An analysis was completed of the hazards and risks of hydrogen, compared to the traditional fuel sources of gasoline and natural gas (methane). The study was based entirely on the physical properties of these fuels, and not on any process used to store and extract the energy. The study was motivated by the increased interest in hydrogen as a fuel source for automobiles.The results show that, for flammability hazards, hydrogen has an increased flammability range, a lower ignition energy and a higher deflagration index. For both gasoline and natural gas (methane) the heat of combustion is higher (on a mole basis). Thus, hydrogen has a somewhat higher flammability hazard.The risk is based on probability and consequence. The probability of a fire or explosion is based on the flammability range, the auto-ignition temperature and the minimum ignition energy. In this case, hydrogen has a larger flammability zone and a lower minimum ignition energy—thus the probability of a fire or explosion is higher. The consequence of a fire or explosion is based on the heat of combustion, the maximum pressure during combustion, and the deflagration index. Hydrogen has an increased consequence due to the large value of the deflagration index while gasoline and natural gas (methane) have a higher heat of combustion. Thus, based on physical properties alone, hydrogen poses an increase risk, primarily due to the increased probability of ignition.This study was unable to assess the effects of the increased buoyancy of hydrogen—which might change the probability depending on the actual physical situation.A complete hazard and risk analysis must be completed once the actual equipment for hydrogen storage and energy extraction is specified. This paper discusses the required procedure. |
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