城市自然灾害的社会因素及防治对策研究

以社会、经济意义作标准,抑减自然灾害的重点应在城市、因而研究城市自然灾害的社会因素是当务之急.本文列出并分析了十大社会因素,它们是:1)城市地生态;2)城市的灾害文化背景;3)政策导向的正负效应;4)城市规划与建设;5)城市公共设施状况;6)人口和财富的集中程度;7)城市资源的开发利用;8)科技对城市减灾的贡献率;9)防灾减灾的误区;10)灾害应急.本文还认为以上十大因素对城市自然灾害的作用至少包括五个方面,它们是:1)诱发作用;2)放大作用;3)连接灾害链;4)承受灾害;5)抑减灾害.在以上基础上,本文提出了充分利用城市社会因素抗灾减灾的八条对策,即1)建立统一管理城市自然灾害工作的综合性政府机构势在必行;2)强化防灾减灾的背景工作;3)防灾减灾工作的立法;4)认清和摆正发展与灾害的关系;5)尊重科学、尊重知识,建立一套灾害顾问系统;6)建立一支快速救灾的专业队伍;7)加强保险事业与灾害研究和抑减工作的联系;8)城市间的协凋必须要有全局对策.

SOCIAL FACTORS AND PREVENTION COUNTERMEASURE OF NATURAL CALAMITY IN CITY

On the base of social and economic segnificance,the focus of mitigating natural calamity should be on city,while it is an urgent matter to study the social factors in city's natural ca- lamity.This paper introduces and analyses ten social factors.i.e.(1) city's earth ecology,(2) disaster culture background of city,(3) positive and negative effect of directive policy,(4) planning and construction of city,(5) public facilities of city,(6) concentrated degree of popu- lation and wealth,(7) development of city sources,(8) contribution of technology to city,(9) delayed area of disaster prevention and reduction,(10) disaster urgency.This paper regards that the above ten elemental functions play an important role in mitigating the city's natural disasters at least five aspects.i.e.(1) inducing function,(2) magnifying function,(3) con- necting disaster chain,(4) enduring disasters,(5) mitigating disasters.On the basis of the above ideas,eight effective countermeasurcs for preventing and mitigating disasters are pro- posed,i.e.(1) establishment of an integrated institution to manage and control the city's na- tural disasters is urgent,(2) strengthen the background work of disaster prevention and miti- gation,(3) the legislation of disaster prevention and mitigation,(4) recognize and regulate the relationship between the development and disasters,(5) respect science and knowledge,estab- lish a set of disaster consultation system,(6) the establishment of a professional team on fast disaster relief is necessary,(7) strengthen the contact between insurance and disaster research and relief,(8) the intercity coordination must have an overall countermcasure.